ATS
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Calin Vicol
Martin Oberhoffer
Bruno Reichart
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Vicol, C.
Right arrow Articles by Reichart, B.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Vicol, C.
Right arrow Articles by Reichart, B.
Related Collections
Right arrow Coronary disease
Right arrowRelated Article

Ann Thorac Surg 2006;82:1452-1456
© 2006 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Original Articles: Cardiovascular

Mid-Term Patency After Magnetic Coupling for Distal Bypass Anastomosis in Coronary Surgery

Calin Vicol, MDa,*, Sandra Eifert, MDa, Martin Oberhoffer, MDa, Peter Boekstegers, MDb, Bruno Reichart, MDa

a Department of Cardiac Surgery, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany
b Department of Internal Medicine I, Grosshadern Medical Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-University München, München, Germany

Accepted for publication April 27, 2006.

* Address correspondence to Prof Dr Calin Vicol, Herzchirurgische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum Grosshadern der LMU München, Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 München, Germany (Email: calin.vicol{at}med.uni-muenchen.de).


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
BACKGROUND: The magnetic vascular positioner (MVP), a device for distal bypass anastomosis in coronary surgery, was developed to allow a simple and rapid procedure and to improve graft patency. We analyze our mid-term results with this device.

METHODS: Eighteen distal anastomoses were performed by using the MVP, and 18 with a hand-sewn technique were completed in 11 patients. The target arteries for the MVP anastomosis were the left anterior descending in 9 patients, a marginal branch in 4, a diagonal branch in 3, and right coronary artery in 2. The left internal thoracic artery was used as graft in 9 patients, saphenous vein in 6, right internal thoracic artery in 2, and radial artery in 1.

RESULTS: Coronary angiography was performed at discharge and after a complete follow-up of 19 ± 3.5 months. Patency at follow-up was 83.3% (15/18) for MVP anastomoses and 100% (18/18) for hand-sewn anastomoses. All occluded MVP anastomoses were performed with small-size devices. In one patient, a high-grade left main stenosis was overestimated. Competitive flow may be suspected in this case as a cause of graft occlusion. No deaths occurred during hospital stay or during follow-up. Freedom from reintervention was 100%.

CONCLUSIONS: The MVP is the only mechanical connector for distal anastomoses applicable for all kind of grafts, for all coronary artery locations, and with both end-to-side and side-to-side technique. Mid-term patency of MVP anastomoses is acceptable but inferior to the patency of hand-sewn anastomoses. Occlusion of MVP supplied grafts may be produced by small device size.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Patients and Methods
 Results
 Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
Initially, the main goal of automatic distal anastomotic devices (DADs) for coronary artery bypass graft surgery was to simplify the process and shorten the time necessary to create a hand-sewn anastomosis. These new devices were thought to revolutionize off-pump coronary surgical procedures by reduction of myocardial ischemia during rapid creation of distal anastomosis and by shortening time for heart positioning. Another goal with DADs was to allow expansion of minimally invasive and robotic bypass surgery for multivessel coronary artery disease.

Five true DADs were investigated in clinical trials after successful short-term animal experiments: the magnetic vascular positioner (MVP) (Ventrica, Inc, Fremont, CA) [1–3], St. Jude Medical Anastomotic Technology Group Coronary Connector System (St. Jude Medical, Inc, St. Paul, MN) [4, 5], Automated Anastomotic Distal Device (Bypass, Herzlia, Israel) [6], Converge Anastomotic Coupler (Converge Medical, Inc, Sunnyvale, CA) [7], and C-Port System (Cardica, Inc, Redwood City, CA) [8].

Because short-term results after using the DADs were not convincing, the long-term patency of DAD-supported anastomoses was questioned. Our study addressed mid-term angiographic results for a sutureless device used for distal anastomoses in coronary surgical procedures.


   Patients and Methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
Results
 Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
Between May and August 2003, we used the MVP for 18 of 36 distal coronary artery bypass anastomoses in 11 patients (1 woman) with a mean age of 59.7 ± 10.7 years. This report represents the mid-term follow up of this patient population. We received ethics committee approval, and written informed consent was obtained from every patient before angiographic investigation.

The MVP system consists of six magnetic clips mounted on two delivery devices. Each delivery device is preloaded with one intravascular and two extravascular magnetic clips. One delivery device is used to create an anastomotic port in the graft by applying one magnetic clip inside and two outside the anastomotic incision (Fig 1A). The other delivery device forms an identical port at the selected anastomotic site on the target coronary artery (Fig 1B). As the two ports are brought together, the clips' magnetism causes coupling of the two ports, creating the anastomosis. The MVP is available in two sizes: model 6150 (small device size) is intended for vessels with an internal diameter of 1.5 to 2.0 mm, and model 6200 (bigger device size) is for vessels with an internal diameter of more than 2.0 mm. The detailed delivery technique was presented in a previous publication [1].


Figure 1
View larger version (121K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig 1. (A) Deployed magnetic vascular positioner set (arrow) in the graft (left internal thoracic artery in situ) consisting of one (oval-shaped) intravascular and two extravascular magnetic clips. (B) Deployed magnetic vascular positioner set (arrow) in the target artery (left anterior descending). Two forceps hold the left internal thoracic artery pedicle before coupling of the two clip sets.

 
Criteria for use of the MVP were a target coronary artery with a high-grade stenosis, an internal diameter of at least 1.5 mm, and no atherosclerotic plaque at the site of the MVP implantation. All distal anastomosis in 11 consecutive patients with vessels meeting these criteria were performed with the MVP. The MVP was not used for patients in whom antiplatelet therapy was contraindicated, in patients in whom postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was planned, or in patients who refused the implantation of the MVP.

The MVP was used for 18 distal coronary artery bypass anastomoses in 11 patients. Eighteen distal anastomoses were also performed using the conventional hand-sewn technique. MVP-related operative patient data are presented in Table 1. No patients died, and no myocardial infarctions or major complications occurred related to the MVP anastamosis.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 1. Operative Patient Data
 
Angiography was performed before discharge in 10 patients at a mean 10.3 ± 4.6 days (range, 7 to 22 days) postoperatively. All investigated MVP and all hand-sewn distal bypass anastomoses were patent. Angiography was contraindicated in 1 patient because of transient renal insuffiency.

Angiographic follow-up was 19 ± 3.5 months (range, 13 to 25 months) postoperatively. Coronary artery bypass grafts were evaluated by a cardiologist and a cardiac surgeon. To analyze changes of the luminal diameter of grafts and coronary arteries, the size of angiography catheters and sternal wires at serial examinations were measured. These figures were then used to compensate for differences in magnification.

Anastomotic patency and function were evaluated by a qualitative angiographic analysis. We used the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow grade assessment as described by Gibson [9] and defined as follows: grade 0 no perfusion, specifically no antegrade flow beyond the MVP anastomosis corresponding to an anastomotic occlusion; grade 1, penetration without perfusion; grade 2, partial perfusion; and grade 3, complete perfusion and proven optimal anastomotic flow beyond the MVP anastomosis.

The distribution of flow from the graft through the MVP anastomosis to the target coronary artery was analysed while contrast medium was injected through the graft [10]. Absence of competitive blood flow was indicated by opacification of the grafted coronary artery up to the proximal stenosis. The presence of mild competitive flow was indicated by opacification of the grafted coronary artery without retrograde flow of the contrast material up to the proximal stenosis. Presence of true competitive flow was indicated by absence of opacification of the grafted coronary artery and retrograde opacification of the distal segment of the graft near the MVP anastomosis. In case of true competitive flow, proximal stenosis of the involved coronary artery was reevaluated on preoperative coronary angiography. Data are presented as percentages and means ± standard deviation.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
No deaths occurred during follow-up. No patients had chest pain or myocardial infarction. Freedom from reintervention was 100%.

All patients underwent control coronary angiography 19 ± 3.5 months (range, 13 to 25 months) postoperatively (Table 2). Patency was 83.3% (15/18) for MVP anastomoses and 100% (18/18) for hand-sewn anastomoses. All patent MVP anastomoses showed a TIMI grade 3.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Table 2. Follow-up Angiography
 
Three MVP anastomotic occlusions occurred in 2 patients. In patient 9, two MVP anastomoses were occluded, the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) to the left anterior descending (LAD), and the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) to the first marginal branch. A surgical procedure was performed in this patient for high-grade left main stenosis and right coronary artery (RCA) disease. Reevaluation of the left main stenosis revealed a 60% stenosis. At follow-up, the patient had no clinical signs of myocardial ischemia. In patient 10, the MVP anastomosis of the radial artery to the RCA was occluded. The native RCA was initially occluded. The patient had no clinical signs of myocardial ischemia at follow-up.

The three occluded MVP anastomoses were performed with the small-size device (model 6150). All anastomoses performed with the bigger device (model 6200) were patent and showed no flow restriction. Mild competitive flow was observed in 2 LAD arteries each grafted with LITA by means of MVP. None of these grafts showed a string phenomenon.

Patients 2 and 5 accidentally underwent MRI at 4 and 10 months, respectively, after their coronary procedure. One patient underwent diagnostic MRI because of shoulder pain. During the investigation, he experienced severe chest pain that spontaneously resolved after cessation of the procedure. A coronary angiography the next day showed patency of all three hand-sewn and one MVP anastomosis (Fig 2). A control angiography 9 months later showed all grafts were patent, without changes in the MVP anastomoses.


Figure 2
View larger version (163K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		Fig 2. Thirteen-month postoperative angiography in patient 2 shows a patent T graft composed of an anastamosis from the left internal thoracic artery (LITA) to the left anterior descending (LAD) and the right internal thoracic artery to the first marginal branch as a free graft. The LITA-to-LAD anastomosis was performed using a 6150 magnetic vascular positioner device. Left anterior oblique projection. Opacification of the grafted LAD up to the proximal stenosis.

 
In the second patient, diagnostic MRI was performed because of knee pain. The examination had to be stopped because of sudden onset of severe chest pain and dyspnoea. After cessation of the procedure, symptoms lessened and the patient was referred to the cardiologist. Blood test results for creatine kinase (CK) and CK-MB fraction were normal. An electrocardiogram did not show any signs of myocardial ischemia. Nevertheless, angiography was done and showed patency of all 3 MVP anastomoses and the one hand-sewn anastomosis. No further episodes of angina occurred. The control angiography 11 months later once again demonstrated patency of all grafts and no changes in the distal MVP anastomoses.


   Comment
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Comment
Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
The main goals in the development of a DAD are to reduce the invasiveness of the procedure and to improve graft patency. Most DADs are able to perform the anastomosis within 1.5 to 5 minutes [3, 6, 7, 11]. Some disadvantages with DADs become evident with more clinical experience, however. Most DADs are able to perform only end-to-side anastomoses. Although some authors indicate reservation in using side-to-side anastomoses with the MVP device [11, 12], we performed such procedures with good results in 3 patients [1]. With regard to graft material, only MVP [1] and the Bypass Automated Anastomotic Distal Device [6] were used with all kinds of grafts. Leakage at the anastomosis was observed with all DADs, frequently with St. Jude Medical Coronary Connector, at 21.4% (6/28) [5], and seldom with MVP at 5.3% (1/19) [1]. With most DADs, graft loading onto the delivery device may cause intimal damage. The deployment of MVP clip sets into the target coronary artery and into the graft is a gentle procedure.

Any device developed to perform coronary artery bypass graft anastomosis has to achieve at least the same results for graft patency as those obtained with the standard hand-sewn technique. Four authors reported 6-month angiographic results: one with the MVP, one with the C-Port System, and two with the St. Jude Medical Coronary Connector. Patency of eight investigated MVP anastomoses was 100 % [11]. Patency of the C-Port System–supported anastomoses was 87.5% [8]. Patency of the St. Jude Medical Coronary Connector anastomoses was modest at 70% (7/10), as reported by Carrel and colleagues [4], and 74% (20/27) by Wiklund and colleagues [5].

Overall patency of MVP anastomoses in our study was 83.3% (15/18) at 19 ± 3.5 months after the procedure. Three MVP anastomotic occlusions occurred in one LITA, one RITA, and one radial artery. The small number of patients does not allow us to give definitive conclusions about the influence of graft material on patency or coronary territory. Nevertheless, mid-term patency of MVP anastomoses is comparable to mid-term patency of hand-sewn anastomoses using the radial artery (89%) [13] and vein graft (73.3%) [14], but inferior to the patency if the ITA is used (94%) [10].

Two occlusions of MVP-supported anastomosis occured in the same patient. In this case, the proximal left main stenosis was overestimated on the preoperative coronary angiography. We assume that competitive flow in the native LAD and marginal branch, which were supported by the LITA and RITA, respectively, caused the occlusion of the MVP-supported anastomoses.

Another factor that seems to influence the patency of MVP anastomoses is the size of the device. The three occluded MVP anastomoses in our patients were performed with model 6150, the small-ize device. Neither quality of coronary artery wall, nor diameter at the site of anastomosis, nor coronary artery territory influenced patency in our experience.

There might be some concern about patency of anastomoses created with DAD because of the blood-exposed nonintimal surface of foreign material [15]. Although MVP has a higher blood-exposed nonintimal surface compared with conventional hand-sewn anastomoses, we did not observe any narrowing in the MVP anastomoses during angiography. Flow assessment of the MVP anastomoses using coronary angiography was considered difficult because of the radiopacity of the magnetic clips [11]. TIMI analysis allowed us to make a qualitative assessment of flow measurement through the MVP anastomoses, and all the patent anastomoses showed optimal flow.

Caution should be taken for patients with MVP-supported anastomoses in regards to magnetic field exposure for at least 6 months after the procedure. This precaution is particularly important as MRI becomes more prevalent [3]. Contrary to our indication, 2 patients underwent MRI at 4 and 10 months, respectively, after surgery. Severe chest pain occurred in both patients at the beginning of the MRI investigation and stopped immediately after cessation of the procedure. Angiography in both patients after the MRI incidents demonstrated patent MVP anastomoses. MVP anastomoses were still patent 9 and 11 months later.

MRI techniques might be hazardous for patients with metallic implants because of heating and movement of ferromagnetic objects by magnetic field interactions with MRI systems. The relative risks are proportional to the strength of the static magnetic field, the strength of the spatial gradient, the mass and shape of the object, and its magnetic susceptibility. Obviously, metallic implants such as the MVP clips inside the coronary arteries are sensitive to MRI procedures. We strongly recommend that MRI procedures not be performed in patients with MVP-supported anastomoses.

Limits of the study include the small number of patients. The power of the statistical tests is not sufficient to give indisputable conclusions. Our results may be considered valuable, however, because there is a paucity of data on this topic in the literature.

In conclusion, MVP-DAD is safe, applicable with all kinds of grafts, in any coronary artery position, in end-to-side or side-to-side technique, and has acceptable mid-term patency rates. Hand-sewn graft-to-coronary artery anastomosis remains the gold standard, the mid-term patnency of which was not equalled by the MVP anastomoses in this study. One should remember, however, that although graft patency depends on multiple factors, the quality of the distal anastomosis is one of the most important. The success of the hand-sewn technique is highly related to surgical experience and skill. Anastomotic devices avoid variability of hand-sewn created anastomosis and realize a well-defined graft-to-coronary artery connection. With additional improvements, MVP may have overcome the "human touch" of distal graft connection.

The MVP device obtained CE approval in 2002, and the company, Medtronic, initiated at the same time formalities to obtain the United States Food and Drug (FDA) approval. In 2004, some working groups reported disappointing results with the Symmetry device [16], and the FDA decided to stop the evaluation procedure. As a consequence, Medtronic suspended the production and sale of the MVP at the beginning of 2005. This decision was not dictated by bad results with the MVP device.


   Member and Individual Subscriber Access to the Online Annals
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
Acknowledgments
 References
 
The address of the electronic edition of The Annals is http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org. If you are an STS or STSA member or a non-member personal subscriber to the print issue of The Annals, you automatically have a subscription to the online Annals, which entitles you to access the full-text of all articles. To gain full-text access, you will need your CTSNet user name and password.

Society members and non-members alike who do not know their CTSNet user name and password should follow the link "Forgot your user name or password?" that appears below the boxes where you are asked to enter this information when you try to gain full-text access. Your user name and password will be e-mailed to the e-mail address you designate.

In lieu of the above procedure, if you have forgotten your CTSNet username and/or password, you can always send an email to CTSNet via the feedback button from the left navigation menu on the homepage of the online Annals or go directly to http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/cgi/feedback.

We hope that you will view the online Annals and take advantage of the many features available to our subscribers as part of the CTSNet Journals Online. These include inter-journal linking from within the reference sections of Annals' articles to over 350 journals available through the HighWire Press collection (HighWire provides the platform for the delivery of the online Annals). There is also cross-journal advanced searching, eTOC Alerts, Subject Alerts, Cite-Track, and much more. A listing of these features can be found at http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org/help/features.dtl.

We encourage you to visit the online Annals at http://ats.ctsnetjournals.org and explore.


   Acknowledgments
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
References
 
The clinical study for the evaluation of the Ventrica Magnetic Vascular Positioner was not supported financially by Ventrica or Medtronic. The devices were not donated by these companies. They were acquired by our hospital at the regular market cost in Germany. None of the authors has a financial agreement with the mentioned companies. All authors had full control of the design of the study, methods used outcome parameters, analysis of the data, and production of the written report.


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and Methods
 Results
 Comment
 Member and Individual Subscriber...
 Acknowledgments
 References
 

  1. Vicol C, Eifert S, Oberhoffer M, et al. Early clinical results with a magnetic connector for distal coronary artery anastomoses Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1738-1743.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Klima U, Falk V, Maringka M, et al. Magnetic vascular coupling for distal anastomosis in coronary artery bypass grafting: A multicenter trial J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126:1568-1574.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Athanasiou T, Ashrafian H, Glenville B, Casula R. Coronary artery bypass with the use of a magnetic distal anastomotic device: Surgical technique and preliminary experience Heart Surg Forum 2004;7:1-4.[Medline]
  4. Carrel T, Englberger L, Keller D, Windecker S, Meier B, Eckstein F. Clinical and angiographic results after mechanical connection for distal anastomosis in coronary surgery J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:1632-1640.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  5. Wiklund L, Bonilla LF, Berglin E. A new mechanical connector for distal coronary artery anastomoses in coronary artery bypass grafting: a randomized, controlled study J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:146-150.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Kim K-B, Cho KR, Choi J-S, Ki EH. Initial experience of an automated anastomotic distal device in off-pump CABG Heart Surg Forum 2004;7:274-277.
  7. Boening A, Schoeneich F, Lichtenberg A, Bagaev E, Cremer JT, Klima U. First clinical results with a 30 degrees end-to-side coronary anastomosis coupler Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2005;27:876-881.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Matschke KE, Gummert JF, Demertzis S, et al. The Cardica C-Port system: clinical and angiographic evaluation of a new device for automated, compliant distal anastomoses in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery—A multicenter prospective clinical trial J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;130:1645-1652.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  9. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, et al. TIMI frame countA quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circ 1996;93:879-888.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Bezon E, Choplain JN, Maguid YA, Aziz AA, Barra JA. Failure of internal thoracic artery grafts: conclusions from coronary angiography mid-term follow-up Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:754-759.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  11. Klima U, Mac Vaugh III H, Bagaev E, et al. Magnetic vascular port in minimally invasive direct coronary artery bypass grafting Circ 2004;110(SII):55-60.
  12. Casselman FP, Meco M, Dom H, Foubert L, van Praet F, Vanermen H. Multivessel distal suturless off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting procedure using magnetic connectors Ann Thorac Surg 2004;78:e30-e40.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Cameron J, Trivedi S, Stafford G, Bett N. Five-year angiographic patency of radial artery bypass grafts Circ 2004;110(SII):23-26.
  14. Farsak B, Tokmakoglu H, Kandemir Ö, et al. Angiographic assessment of sequential and individual coronary artery bypass grafting J Card Surg 2003;18:524-529.[Medline]
  15. Scheltes JS, van Andel CJ, Pistecky PV, Borst C. Coronary anastomotic devices: Blood-exposed non-intimal surface and coronary wall stress J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003;126;:191-199.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Schoettle GP. Use of a proximal anastomotic device in coronary artery bypass surgery: A word of caution J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004;127:269-270.[Free Full Text]

Related Article

Invited commentary
Randall Kevin Wolf
Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2006 82: 1456-1457. [Extract] [Full Text] [PDF]



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
W. J.L. Suyker and C. Borst
Coronary connector devices: analysis of 1,469 anastomoses in 1,216 patients.
Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2008; 85(5): 1828 - 1836.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Ann. Thorac. Surg.Home page
R. K. Wolf
Invited commentary.
Ann. Thorac. Surg., October 1, 2006; 82(4): 1456 - 1457.
[Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Personal Folders
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Author home page(s):
Calin Vicol
Martin Oberhoffer
Bruno Reichart
Right arrow Permission Requests
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Vicol, C.
Right arrow Articles by Reichart, B.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Vicol, C.
Right arrow Articles by Reichart, B.
Related Collections
Right arrow Coronary disease
Right arrowRelated Article

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
ANN THORAC SURG ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG
J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG ICVTS ALL CTSNet JOURNALS