HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Artur Lichtenberg Axel Haverich Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Knobloch, K. Articles by Haverich, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Knobloch, K. Articles by Haverich, A. Related Collections Coronary disease Related Article

Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:1026-1030
© 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

---

New technology

Palmar Microcirculation After Harvesting of the Radial Artery in Coronary Revascularization

^a Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
^b LEA Medizintechnik, Giessen, Germany

Accepted for publication March 8, 2004.

^* Address reprint requests to Dr Knobloch, Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
knobloch{at}thg.mh-hannover.de

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
PURPOSE: To evaluate real-time parameters of palmar microcirculation before and after harvesting of the radial artery in coronary revascularization using a laser Doppler flowmetry and remission spectroscopy system (O₂C).

DESCRIPTION: Fifteen patients (11 males, 54 ± 4 years, mean New York Heart Association [NYHA] class of 2.3 ± 0.3) were prospectively scheduled with control measurements of the fingertips of D1, D3, and D5 at base line, after suprasystolic, and after selective radial or ulnar compression for tissue oxygen saturation (SO₂), postcapillary venous recombinant hemoglobin (rHb) concentration, superficial (2 mm) blood flow, and deep (8 mm) blood flow.

EVALUATION: Preoperatively during suprasystolic compression SO₂ decreased significantly for the fingertips of D1, D3, and D5 by –58%, –74%, and –63%, respectively (p < 0.05). Radial compression reduced SO₂for all fingertips (–12%, –14%, and –16%), as did ulnar compression (–24%, –18%, and –10%). rHb did not change significantly for either compression type. Superficial and deep blood flow decreased significantly after suprasystolic and only slightly after radial and ulnar compression at either side. No side differences were noted. After radial artery harvesting, microcirculatory parameters did not change considerably versus preoperatively.

CONCLUSIONS: Radial artery harvesting does not remarkably change microcirculatory parameters of the hand. The O₂C system is a safe and quantitative method to assess both preoperatively and postoperatively the palmar microcirculation and therefore adds further functional clinical information.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
Radial artery grafts provide exceptional long-term patency, and because of that the number of patients undergoing coronary revascularization using the radial artery is increasing. Concerns regarding the reduced palmar blood flow after radial artery harvesting have been recognized. Various blood flow techniques, such as forearm plethysmography [1] or technetium 99m albumin-scans [2], have been applied to assess forearm and palmar blood flow in addition to the clinically used Allen test and have indicated contradicting results. We focused this study on the palmar microcirculation preoperatively and 2 days after radial artery grafting in coronary revascularization. To detect parameters of microcirculation we used a combined laser-Doppler flowmetry system (O₂C system), which we have described elsewhere with regard to the sternal microcirculation after harvesting of the pedicled left internal thoracic artery [3] and clinical myocardial preconditioning in off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB) surgery [4].

	Technology

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
Fifteen patients (11 males, 54 ± 4 years, mean New York Heart Association [NYHA] class of 2.3 ± 0.3), who were scheduled for coronary artery bypass graft surgery using the radial artery, were enrolled in this study once informed consent was obtained. We used the O₂C system, a laser Doppler flowmetry and remission spectroscopy system (LEA Medizintechnik, Giessen, Germany) for the measurement of palmar microcirculation. Exclusion criteria in our investigation included NYHA class III and IV as well as redo and emergency procedures. Measurements were performed for the fingertips of digits 1, 3, and 5 (D1, D3, and D5) for both the donor and nondonor hand before and on the second day after radial artery harvesting. At each site on both hands, base line measurements were performed followed by suprasystolic brachial compression and selective ulnar or radial compression (Figs 1 and 2) .

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 1. Box plot of the decrease (%) of tissue oxygen saturation (SO2 %) after radial compression before radial artery harvesting. (D1, D3, and D5 = the fingertips of digits 1, 3, and 5, respectively).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 2. Box plot of the decrease (%) of tissue oxygen saturation (SO2 %) after ulnar compression before radial artery harvesting. (D1, D3, and D5 = the fingertips of digits 1, 3, and 5, respectively).

	Technique

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

View larger version (64K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 3. O2C system of LEA Medizintechnik, Giessen, Germany.

Laser Doppler perfusion measurements can increase sampling depth by using near-infrared laser light and changing detector geometry. Although it is commonly accepted that separation and the use of light in the near infrared light range increases sampling depth, actual measurements and calculations in the range of the used probe (separation 2–4 mm) are rare. In the near infrared range a mathematical model for measurements of skin blood oxygenation estimated a fiber separation of 400–800 µm for the blood sample. A measurement depth of 3.4 mm was illustrated with a fiber separation of 6 mm and a fiber diameter of 3 mm.

Light of the visible range is irradiated into tissue. Backscattered light spectrum is measured over the whole range from 500–630 nm through the same glass fiber probe. Light penetrates into the tissue and is partly absorbed, reflected, and scattered. The main absorber, hemoglobin, changes its absorption characteristics with oxygen saturation. Fully oxygenated hemoglobin indicates two absorption peaks at 542 and 577 nm and one deoxygenated blood peak at 556 nm. Oxygen saturation of the blood within microvessels is calculated with appropriate algorithms and additional absorption by other tissue chromophores such as melanin and cytochrome by fitting measured spectra with spectra of known oxygen saturation. Measured spectra is further influenced by the path length of photon through tissue. In the past different tissue models have been used to simulate the path of a photon through tissue to determine multiple scattering influences on absorbance spectra. Here a modified diffusion approximation to the transport equation is used that includes changes in the whole spectra to estimate scattering influence and calculate absolute oxygen saturation values. Information is mainly gathered from small arteries, capillaries, and venules as light entering vessels larger than 100 µm is completely absorbed [6]. As 85% of the hemoglobin is in the capillary-venous compartment of the microcirculation, measurements with the spectrophotometer reflect mainly capillary-venous oxygen saturation.

Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin is calculated in percent SO₂ (%), which is an absolute measure. The local amount of hemoglobin is calculated in relative absorbance units (RAU) of rHb processed from the spectral absorption of the hemoglobin. The hemoglobin amount (rHb) is measured by the sum of absorption at all wavelengths ("area under the curve") and is corrected by the characteristic differences in absorption; fully oxygenated blood absorbs approximately 15% more than deoxygenated blood. As with hemoglobin amount measurement volume is changed. The hemoglobin values are relative values and reflect the filling of vessels or vessel density per catchment volume.

The heart consists of myoglobin—as each muscle does—which exhibits a similar structure to that of hemoglobin and works as an oxygen storage location within the cell. Myoglobin exhibits similar absorption properties to hemoglobin and therefore oxygen saturation measurements in the heart reflect oxygen saturation of both hemoglobin and myoglobin.

The data are presented as median and range values for continuous variables or the numbers and percentages for dichotomous variables. Univariate analysis of categorical data were carried out using the ² or Fisher exact test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. The SPSS statistical software package 11.5 for Windows (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) was used to calculate statistical analysis.

	Clinical Experience

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
Base line tissue oxygen saturation for the fingertips was (D1, D3, and D5) 75%, 78%, and 79%, respectively, for the dominant hand and 79%, 76%, and 82%, respectively, for the nondominant hand (not significant [NS]). Suprasystolic brachial compression decreased the tissue oxygen saturation of the fingertips of the scheduled donor hand significantly for all fingertips examined (D1, D3, and D5 to 58%, –74%, and –63%, respectively; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the donor and nondonor tissue oxygen saturation. Radial compression decreased the tissue oxygen saturation significantly, but to a lesser degree versus suprasystolic compression (D1, D3, and D5 to 12%, –14%, and –16%, respectively; p < 0.05). Ulnar compression versus base line decreased tissue oxygen saturation significantly (D1, D3, and D5 to 24%, –18%, and –10%, respectively; p < 0.05).

Base line palmar postcapillary venous filling pressure was (D1, D3, and D5) 58, 61, and 60 U for the donor arm, respectively, versus 61, 59, and 58 U for the nondonor arm, respectively (NS). Suprasystolic, radial, and ulnar compression did not considerably change postcapillary venous filling pressures for either hand.

Base line superficial blood flow determined in 2 mm tissue depth (D1, D3, and D5 to be 135, 189, and 179, respectively) versus the corresponding deep blood flow in 8 mm tissue depth (D1, D3, and D5 to be 256, 304, and 318, respectively) indicated a significant difference. There was no significant difference, however, between the donor and the nondonor arm. Suprasystolic compression significantly decreased both superficial and deep blood flow for all fingertips (–83%, –97%, and –82%, respectively, versus –79%, –93%, and –89%, respectively; p < 0.05).

Radial compression decreased both superficial (–38%, –28%, and –41%) and deep blood flow (–41%, –38%, and –28%; p < 0.05) for both arms without any side difference. Tissue oxygen saturation measured on postoperative day 2 was (D1, D3, and D5) 73%, 71%, and 81%, respectively, for the donor arm and 81%, 74%, and 79%, respectively, for the nondominant hand, which did not significantly differ from the measurements indicated preoperatively. Postoperative versus preoperative postcapillary venous filling pressure was not changed (D1, D3, and D5 = 61, 58, and 67 U for the donor arm versus D1, D3, and D5 = 58, 63, and 68 U for the nondonor arm [NS]).

After radial artery harvesting, superficial blood flow, determined in 2 mm tissue depth, (D1, D3, and D5 = 113, 158, and 139, respectively) and deep blood flow, determined in 8 mm tissue depth (D1, D3, and D5 = 227, 288, and 269, respectively), was not significantly reduced when compared preoperatively.

After radial artery harvesting but during coronary revascularization, neither superficial nor deep harvest site infections occurred in the 15 patients studied. Comparatively leukocyte levels and C-reactive protein could be monitored during the hospital stay. One patient did complain of numbness within the thumb that resolved 4 weeks after the procedure. All of the other patients did not exhibit neurological deficits or persistent pain.

	Comment

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
The crucial findings of this study establish that radial artery harvesting for coronary revascularization does not change the parameters of palmar microcirculation. However though tissue oxygen saturation and tissue capillary blood flow both decrease after radial compression, determination on postoperative day 2 failed to demonstrate any considerable reduction for the parameters of microcirculation. O₂C is an objective method that can be used to detect parameters of microcirculation within the hand. It is also a safe and quantitative clinical assessment technique for bypass surgery which can be used to determine ulnar artery capability with regard to collateral compensation in the hand after radial artery harvesting.

The use of the radial artery for coronary revascularization is an innocuous procedure that demonstrates exceptional results with a 10-year-patency of 92% versus 98% with regard to the left internal thoracic artery [7]. In coronary revascularization—with the exception of the left internal thoracic artery—the radial artery is revealed to be the more improved second arterial graft as compared with the right internal thoracic artery [8]. Independent predictors of operative mortality include an ejection fraction below 30%, reexploration, and stroke, whereas the use of saphenous vein grafts and renal impairment are considerable independent predictors of late mortality after radial artery harvesting [9]. Typically the nondominant forearm is considered for radial artery grafting and performing an Allen's test proved to be negative.

Besides the conventional complete forearm incision technique, minimally invasive techniques regarding radial artery harvesting have been described. Similar to the preparation of the internal thoracic artery, skeletonization of the radial artery [10] with an ultrasonic scalpel has been determined to be a feasible and safe technique with convincing patency rates at a follow-up period of 1.4 years. In a series of 197 patients [11], 16.5% who underwent traditional harvesting of the radial artery complained of temporary dysesthesia versus 2% who underwent the less invasive harvesting technique of the radial artery. On average, neurological symptoms ceased average after 3.8 months (1–12 months). Nonetheless neither technique has been evaluated for parameters of microcirculation of the hand in patients who were operated on using either of these techniques.

Wound complications such as infection, hematoma, or seroma may complicate the postoperative course and deteriorate forearm function after radial artery harvesting. In a cohort of 217 patients [12] with 338 donor arms examined, 0.6% of the hematomas requiring operative drainage were evident. Minor wound complications including skin dehiscence, superficial infections, small hematomas, and seromas were experienced by 4.1% of the patients. The risk of any arm complication was not elevated in patients older than 65 years. In a case-controlled study [13] both preoperative hyperglycemia ( > 200 mg/dl) and surgery duration greater than 5 hours were independent risk factors for radial harvest site infections. In our limited study no wound complications occurred.

In the aforementioned study by Greene and Malias, 10.7% of cutaneous paresthesias in the radial distribution of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve or superficial branch of the radial nerve were documented. Short-term motor hand function, assessed as gripping power and fine motor skills 5 days after radial artery harvesting, was determined not to be significantly reduced at radial artery harvesting [14]. Chong and associates ascertained that in patients with a negative preoperative score for the Allen test, radial artery harvesting did not adversely affect subsequent forearm function 3 months postoperatively [1].

Forearm function determined by neural sensation, which was not affected, forearm circumference and grip power, which were both notably reduced 3 months after radial artery grafting, and cyclical exercise fatigue, which was improved 3 months after radial artery harvesting, have been evaluated in this study. In 13% of the patients reduction of the pinprick sensation was evident in the distribution of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. In a larger cohort [15] of 271 patients undergoing radial artery grafting, 0.7% of the patients reported donor arm weakness 8 weeks postoperatively. Cutaneous paresthesia was noted at the 6-month follow-up in 3.7% of all patients. Univariate analysis revealed smoking and diabetes as risk factors for persistent cutaneous paresthesia.

The largest published series [16] evaluating self-reported neurological complications by telephone interview after radial grafting (n = 560) was performed by Denton and associates. Their study indicated neurological complications of 30.1% with a 5.5% decrease in thumb strength and sensation abnormalities of 18.1% at a mean follow-up of 15 months. They reported a high rate of symptom improvement over an average of 9 months. One patient in our cohort (6.7%) complained of thumb numbness that resolved within 4 weeks postoperatively. Further clinical studies evaluating the neurological status as well as the vascular status of patients with an extended follow-up period are necessary to assess the benefits and possible long-term complications after radial artery harvesting.

Regarding the forearm blood supply, the radial artery has been determined to be the dominant artery in most patients. In the aforementioned study by Chong and associates [1] focusing on forearm blood flow, which was assessed by forearm plethysmography, they ascertained no difference between both forearms. To assess the forearm tissue perfusion, 20 patients after radial artery harvesting underwent technetium 99m albumin-scans indicating a substantially reduced donor hand and forearm tissue perfusion without any clinical effect with regard to short-term hand function [2]. Our study evaluated the microcirculation and could detect the reduction of microvascular blood flow after the Allen test. However on the second postoperative day after radial artery harvesting, we could not detect any change in the microcirculatory parameters of the donor versus the nondonor hand.

In conclusion 2 days after radial artery harvesting detected by the O₂C system was performed, no remarkable changes regarding palmar microcirculation parameters were determined This noninvasive system distinguishes itself as a safe and quantitative method for preoperative and postoperative assessment with regard to palmar microcirculation and therefore adds further functional clinical information beyond both the clinical Allen test and ultrasound.

	Disclosures and Freedom of Investigation

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
The O₂C system was purchased for a regular market price from LEA Medizintechnik, Giessen, Germany. No author funds have been given to the investigators. The authors had full control regarding the study design, methods, outcome parameters and analysis of data.

	Footnotes

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the Southern Thoracic Surgical Association, and The Annals of Thoracic Surgery neither endorse nor discourage use of the new technology described in this article.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Technology Technique Clinical Experience Comment Disclosures and Freedom of... Footnotes References

 

1. Chong WC, Ong PJ, Hayward CS, Collins P, Moat NE. Effect of radial artery harvesting on forearm function and blood flow. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:1171–1174[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Rafael Sadaba J, Conroy JL, Burniston M, Maughan J, Munsch C. Effect of radial artery harvesting on tissue perfusion and function of the hand. Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;9:378–382[Medline]
3. Knobloch K, Lichtenberg A, Pichlmaier M, et al. Microcirculation of the sternum following harvesting of the left internal mammary artery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;51:255–259[Medline]
4. Lichtenberg A, Knobloch K, Pichlmaier M, et al. Microcirculation of the human myocardium during ischemic preconditioning. Atherosclerosis. 2003;4:1P–3P
5. Frank KH, Kessler M, Appelaum K, Dümmler W. The erlangen micro-light-guide spectrophotometer EMPHO I. Phys Med Biol. 1989;34:1883–1900[Medline]
6. Gandjbakhche AH, Bonner RF, Arai AE, Balaban RS. Visible-light photon migration through myocardium in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1999;277:H698–H704[Medline]
7. Possati G, Gaudino M, Prati F, et al. Long-term results of the radial artery used for myocardial revascularization. Circulation. 2003;108:1350–1354[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Caputo M, Reeves B, Marchetto G, et al. Radial versus right internal thoracic artery as a second arterial conduit for coronary surgery: early and midterm outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:39–47[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Hata M, Seevanayagam S, Manson N, et al. Radial artery 2000—risk analysis of mortality for coronary bypass surgery with radial artery. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;8:354–357[Medline]
10. Taggart DP, Mathur MN, Ahmad I. Skeletonization of the radial artery: advantages over the pedicled technique. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:298–299[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Galajda Z, Jagamos E, Maros T, Peterffy A. Radial artery grafts: surgical anatomy and harvesting techniques. Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;10:476–480[Medline]
12. Greene MA, Malias MA. Arm complications after radial artery procurement for coronary bypass operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001;72:126–128[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Trick WE, Scheckler WE, Tokars JI, et al. Risk factors for radial artery harvest site infection following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:270–275[Medline]
14. Sankey RA, Rumian AP, Jackson W, Osborne M, Stanbridge RD. Harvesting the radial artery: does it affect early postoperative hand function? Heart Surg Forum. 2003;6:E12–E15[Medline]
15. Budillon AM, Nicolini F, Agostinelli A, et al. Complications after radial artery harvesting for coronary bypass grafting: our experience. Surgery. 2003;133:283–287[Medline]
16. Denton TA, Trento L, Cohen M, et al. Radial artery harvesting for coronary bypass operations: neurologic complications and their potential mechanisms. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121:951–956[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K. Knobloch, R. Grasemann, M. Spies, and P. M. Vogt Midportion Achilles Tendon Microcirculation After Intermittent Combined Cryotherapy and Compression Compared With Cryotherapy Alone: A Randomized Trial Am. J. Sports Med., November 1, 2008; 36(11): 2128 - 2138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Kamiya, P. Akhyari, A. Martens, M. Karck, A. Haverich, and A. Lichtenberg Sternal microcirculation after skeletonized versus pedicled harvesting of the internal thoracic artery: A randomized study J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., January 1, 2008; 135(1): 32 - 37. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Knobloch, S. Tomaszek, A. Haverich, and P. M Vogt Age Deteriorates Palmar Microcirculation Following Radial Artery Harvesting Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, December 1, 2007; 15(6): 486 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Knobloch, S. Tomaszek, A. Lichtenberg, M. Karck, and A. Haverich Long-term palmar microcirculation after radial artery harvesting: an observational study. Ann. Thorac. Surg., May 1, 2006; 81(5): 1700 - 1707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Knobloch, R. Kraemer, A. Lichtenberg, M. Jagodzinski, T. Gossling, M. Richter, J. Zeichen, T. Hufner, and C. Krettek Achilles Tendon and Paratendon Microcirculation in Midportion and Insertional Tendinopathy in Athletes Am. J. Sports Med., January 1, 2006; 34(1): 92 - 97. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Artur Lichtenberg Axel Haverich Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Knobloch, K. Articles by Haverich, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Knobloch, K. Articles by Haverich, A. Related Collections Coronary disease Related Article