| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
|
|
|
|||||||
|
|||||||||
Ann Thorac Surg 2004;77:1786-1791
© 2004 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
a Divisions of General Thoracic Surgery, USA
b Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
c Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
Accepted for publication June 30, 2003.
* Address reprint requests to Dr Nichols, Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
e-mail: nichols.francis{at}mayo.edu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 TopFootnotes Abstract IntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
METHODS: The records of all patients who underwent pulmonary metastasectomy and complete mediastinal lymph node dissection for extrapulmonary carcinomas at our institution from November 1985 through July 1999 were reviewed.
RESULTS: Eight hundred eighty-three patients underwent pulmonary metastasectomy. Of these, 70 patients (7.9%) (44 men, 26 women) had concomitant complete lymphadenectomy. Median age was 64 years (range, 33 to 83 years). Median time interval between primary tumor resection and metastasectomy was 34 months (range, 0 to 188 months). Wedge excision was performed in 46 patients, lobectomy in 16, both in 7, and pneumonectomy in 1. Lymph node metastases were found in 20 patients (28.6%) and were classified as intrapulmonary or hilar (N1) in 9, mediastinal (N2) in 8, and both in 3. There were no operative deaths. Median follow-up was 6.6 years (range, 1.1 to 14.6 years). Three-year survival for patients with negative lymph nodes was 69% as compared with only 38% for those with positive lymph nodes (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The presence of lymph node metastases at the time of pulmonary metastasectomy for extrapulmonary carcinoma has an adverse effect on prognosis. Complete mediastinal lymph node dissection should be considered at the time of pulmonary metastasectomy for carcinoma to improve staging and guide treatment.
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Despite either complete lymphadenectomy or lymph node sampling being the accepted standard in pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer [4], the same is not true for pulmonary metastases. Little information exists regarding the prognostic significance of metastatic disease found in regional lymph nodes at the time of curative pulmonary metastasectomy. To evaluate the influence of lymph node involvement, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with complete mediastinal lymphadenectomy performed at the time of pulmonary metastasectomy.
|
Material and methods |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Thirty-seven patients (34.6%) were eliminated due to an inadequate primary operation, persistent unresectable extrathoracic disease, unresectable intrathoracic disease, pulmonary pathology different from the primary pathology, insufficient data, or refusal to participate in research. All patients were evaluated preoperatively for local recurrence of their primary cancer and for sites of extrathoracic metastases. Computed tomography (CT) was the procedure most commonly utilized. Head CT and bone scans were utilized if clinically indicated. Barium enema or colonoscopy was performed in colon cancer patients. Positron emission tomography (PET) was not available during the time frame of this study. Operative mortality included patients who died within 30 days after thoracotomy or those who died later but during the same hospitalization. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method using the date of the first pulmonary metastasectomy with lymph node dissection as the starting point [6]. The influence of variables on survival was analyzed using the log-rank test for discrete variables [7] and the proportional hazards model of Cox for continuous variables and multivariate models [8]. A p value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered significant. Approval for this study was granted by Mayo Foundation's Institutional Review Board.
Clinical findings
There were 70 patients (44 men and 26 women). Median age was 64 years and ranged from 33 to 83 years. The primary cancer was colon in 44 patients, renal cell in 13, malignant melanoma in 6, endometrial and salivary gland carcinoma in 2 each, and bladder, prostate, and testicular carcinoma in 1 each. Fifty-six patients (80.0%) had their primary cancer resection elsewhere. After resection of the primary cancer and before the development of pulmonary metastases, 11 patients were treated with chemotherapy, 5 with radiation therapy, and 5 with a combination of both.
Three patients early in the series were evaluated with standard chest radiography and conventional tomography. Sixty-two patients (88.6%) had a chest CT that showed a solitary nodule in 43 patients, two in 11, and three or more in 8. Ten patients had bilateral nodules. Twelve patients had enlarged mediastinal or regional lymph nodes on CT. Except for these patients, no particular concern about the malignant potential of the thoracic lymph nodes was identified preoperatively to account for the complete lymphadenectomy. Twenty-two patients (31.4%) underwent preoperative transthoracic needle aspiration (TTNA). In 21 (95.4%), the TTNA was positive for malignancy and histologically similar to the primary cancer. Eleven patients had bronchoscopy, and 4 were diagnostic for metastatic carcinoma. Seven patients had undergone extrathoracic metastasectomies before pulmonary resection; all were considered to have had complete resection. The carcinoembryonic antigen was measured in 31 of the 44 patients (70.4%) with colon cancer and was elevated (
5 ng/mL) in 9.
The median interval between resection of the primary cancer and the first pulmonary resection was 34 months (range, 0 to 188 months). Mediastinoscopy was performed in 12 patients, including 5 with clinically enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes; none was positive. At the time of initial pulmonary metastasectomy, a lateral thoracotomy was performed in 64 patients, median sternotomy in 1, and simultaneous left thoracoscopic wedge resection and right thoracotomy in 1. Four patients underwent staged bilateral thoracotomies. In no patient was there concern that a primary lung cancer was being resected rather than a pulmonary metastasis. Intraoperatively, no particular concern of the operating surgeon regarding the malignant potential of the thoracic lymph nodes was identified to account for the complete lymphadenectomy.
Forty-six patients had wedge excisions; 18 were multiple. A lobectomy was performed in 16 patients, lobectomy combined with wedge excision in 7, and pneumonectomy in 1. Fifteen patients had a second thoracotomy, 4 a third, and 2 a fourth. Altogether, 142 metastases were resected in these 70 patients, and included 98 wedge excisions, two segmentectomies, 27 lobectomies, and one each bilobectomy, sleeve lobectomy, and pneumonectomy. One patient had an associated chest wall resection.
At the initial pulmonary metastasectomy, 48 patients had solitary metastases, 12 had two, 5 had three, 4 had four, and 1 had nine. This was greater than the number of nodules detected preoperatively by chest CT. Lymph node metastases were found in 20 patients (28.6%) and were classified as N1 in 9 patients, N2 in 8, and both in 3. The lymph node dissection was done at the time of the second ipsilateral metastasectomy in 2 patients and during a contralateral metastasectomy after two previous ipsilateral metastasectomies in a third. All 3 of these latter patients were N0 at the time of lymphadenectomy.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Follow-up was complete in all patients and ranged from 1 to 14.6 years, with a median of 6.6 years. Twenty-seven patients are currently alive, 5 with evidence of recurrent cancer. Forty-three patients are dead, 34 from recurrent cancer. The median disease-free interval from the time of the extrathoracic primary operation to pulmonary metastasectomy for those patients with metastatically involved lymph nodes was 36 months, as compared to 32 months for those patients without lymph node involvement (p = 0.64). Throughout the study period, metastatic cancer recurred in 43 patients. Recurrence was limited to the lungs in 15 patients, extrathoracic sites only in 9, and both in 19. Tumor recurrence was significantly higher in the patients with metastatically involved lymph nodes (p = 0.004). The 3-year recurrence free rate was 23% (95% CI, 8% to 66%) in patients with metastatically involved lymph nodes and 49% (95% CI, 36% to 66%) in patients without metastatically positive lymph nodes.
Overall, estimated 5- and 10-year survival was 48% (95% CI, 36% to 60%) and 29% (95% CI, 16% to 42%), respectively (Fig 1). Three-year survival for patients without lymph node metastases was 69% (95% CI, 58% to 83%) as compared to only 38% (95% CI, 20% to 68%) for those with metastases (p < 0.001) (Fig 2). Survival was not improved when only N1 lymph nodes were metastatically involved. Moreover, only 2 patients with metastatically involved lymph nodes survived beyond 4 years. Both of these patients had low-grade renal cell carcinomas.
|
|
Fifteen patients underwent a second thoracotomy for recurrent pulmonary metastases; 9 had a right thoracotomy, 6 a left, and 1 had an associated chest wall resection. At the time of second thoracotomy, 9 patients had a solitary metastasis and 6 had two or more. In 2 patients, both with low-grade metastatic renal cell carcinoma, metastatic lymph node disease was found at the time of the second thoracotomy. Survival in these 15 patients after their second pulmonary metastasectomy was 82% (95% CI, 59% to 100%) at 5 years. Four patients had a third pulmonary resection for recurrent cancer and 2 patients had a fourth. Three of these 4 patients are still alive 2 to 7 years after their last pulmonary metastasectomy. None has evidence of recurrent disease.
|
Comment |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Kamiyoshihara and colleagues [13] in a retrospective review of 28 patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy found no detectable difference between patients with and without positive regional lymph nodes. Unlike other series, these authors reported no long-term survivors in patients undergoing partial resection (ie, less than lobectomy).
More recently, Loehe and colleagues [14] have attempted to clarify the importance of systematic lymph node dissection during pulmonary metastasectomy. In a group of 63 patients, they found a 14.3% incidence of mediastinal lymph node metastases. Similar to their study, we found that the number of pulmonary metastases was not associated with a difference in survival. Also similar was the trend toward an increasing incidence of metastatic lymph node involvement with an increasing number of metastases. In contrast, Loehe and colleagues [14] failed to show a difference in survival in patients with metastatically involved mediastinal lymph nodes (p = 0.37).
Our study demonstrates that patients undergoing pulmonary metastasectomy who are found to have metastatically involved regional lymph nodes have an increased incidence of cancer recurrence and decreased survival. We believe this observation supports systematic lymph node dissection at the time of pulmonary metastasectomy for metastatic carcinoma.
Several questions regarding the indications and potential therapeutic role of mediastinal lymphadenectomy or sampling remain [15]. Unanswered is whether regional lymph node dissection at the time of pulmonary metastasectomy contributes to improved survival, or is it simply a prognostic indicator perhaps suggesting the need for adjuvant therapy. Does the number of pulmonary metastases influence the need for lymph node dissection? Accepting the role for lymph node dissection, does this further cloud the role for utilizing video-assisted thoracic surgery in pulmonary metastasectomy? These questions hopefully will be answered in future prospective clinical trials.
In conclusion, surgical resection of pulmonary metastases should be offered to patients whose primary tumor is controlled and are good operative risks. All pulmonary and extrathoracic metastases must be amenable to complete surgical resection for a survival benefit to be achieved. Our findings suggest that the presence of metastatic disease in regional lymph nodes has an adverse effect on survival in those patients undergoing curative pulmonary metastasectomy. Therefore, we recommend complete lymph nodes dissection in these patients to better define their prognosis and potentially guide adjuvant therapy.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Doctor Ercan and associates deserve recognition for reminding us of the metastatic potential of pulmonary metastasis. I thank the authors for providing me with a copy of the manuscript in advance of the meeting.
Their investigation originates from an interest for the prognostic significance of lymph node metastasis in patients with resectable pulmonary metastasis. The analysis is performed on a smaller select group of patients among them, and a difference in survival is found. The question arises whether the finding of metastatic nodes in 29% of the select group can be used to make statements about the total group undergoing lung resection. We do not know what criteria led to lymph node dissection. Although long-term survival is comparable with other studies, the node dissection group may have had more advanced disease. The rate of lymph node metastasis, for example, was twice that of the recent prospective study from the University of Munich quoted in your manuscript. Your conclusions should therefore not necessarily be generalized to all patients with resectable pulmonary metastasis. I would like to ask you whether the pattern of recurrence in patients with lymph node metastasis was different from those without. In your manuscript, you did not break down the numbers dependent on its presence or absence.
If 29% of all patients with resectable pulmonary metastasis had lymph node disease, one might investigate lymph node spread preoperatively, for example, by mediastinoscopy. If that number drops to 14%, as suggested by the Munich group, one may not stage every patient. Has the knowledge gained from this study changed your practice? And if you now saw a patient with a solitary peripheral pulmonary metastasis and a metastatic hilar lymph node, would you be concerned enough about the lymphatic drainage bed to perform a lobectomy rather than a wedge resection?
I enjoyed your presentation and I thank the Society for the opportunity to discuss this paper.
DR ERCAN: Thank you, Dr Gaissert, for discussing the paper. We feel that we can generalize our findings to patients with pulmonary metastases from extrapulmonary carcinomas. We realize that only 12% of our nearly 400 metastasectomy patients had complete lymph node dissections. This is likely due to the fact that early in our pulmonary metastasectomy experience lymphadenectomy was not routinely performed. In the literature from autopsy studies, intrathoracic lymph node metastases have been found in 30% of patients with nonpulmonary carcinoma. Our finding of 28.6% is remarkably close to this. The same is not true for patients with sarcoma. For patients with pulmonary metastases where the primary tumor was a carcinoma, we now routinely perform a mediastinal lymphadenectomy.
As for your other question, the pattern of recurrence was differentiated as either being intrathoracic or extrathoracic. For the patients who did recur, most of them did not undergo re-resection as they recurred systemically. The recurrences were sometimes only identified radiographically but were obvious. We believe we have shown that the recurrence rate was statistically higher in patients who had lymph node involvement identified during the pulmonary metastasectomy.
As for the patient who had a solitary metastasis with hilar lymph node involvement, the ultimate goal during pulmonary metastasectomy is to remove all obvious disease while at the same time conserve normal lung. Lobectomy would not be our standard approach; rather it would be wedge resection and complete lymphadenectomy. Sometimes, however, the metastasis is located in such a position that resection requires a lobectomy. We do in select patients occasionally perform lobectomy for the resection of pulmonary metastasis. Based on the poor prognosis in patients found to have metastatically involved lymph nodes, our approach to those patients might change in terms of consideration for future resections or the need for adjuvant therapy.
DR DOUGLAS E. WOOD (Seattle, WA): I like your paper, Dr Ercan, and it was valuable up until the conclusions. I have to say I disagree completely with where you went from your data to the conclusions. If we look at the percent of patients who had lymph node metastases out of your total cohort, it is actually less than 3%, and I would be hard pressed to recommend that we add a significant surgical procedure for 3% of patients. It is only 20 patients out of 833 patients, not 20 patients out of 70. You selected those patients, I am sure, on the basis of enlarged lymph nodes at the time of surgery or on preoperative staging.
The question is, do you think that these are lymph node metastases from the metastases or are these synchronous metastases to the mediastinum along with the pulmonary metastases, implying just a more aggressive biologic behavior? Do you actually think that mediastinal lymphadenectomy confers any therapeutic benefit?
DR ERCAN: Thank you, Dr Wood. Unfortunately, of the 883 patients only 107 underwent documented complete lymphadenectomy. Thirty-seven patients were eliminated for a variety of reasons including an inadequate primary operation, persistent or unresectable extrathoracic disease, and unresectable intrathoracic disease. The remaining 70 patients were not selected because of preoperative or intraoperative findings. For patients with worrisome mediastinal nodes preoperatively, mediastinoscopy was performed. None of the operative records showed any concern about the intrathoracic lymph nodes. It is true that one of the surgeons in the study believed more than others in thoracic lymphadenectomy for these types of patients. This fact likely accounts for the overall low number of complete lymph node dissections.
According to the outcome, once these patients had lymph node involvement, they clearly showed a worse survival. We cannot be sure that doing the mediastinal dissection added any positive benefit to the outcome. However, the patients were better staged. Given the poor prognosis of patients with metastatically involved lymph nodes, consideration might be given to adjuvant therapy. Ultimately, this might only be answered with larger prospective and randomized studies.
DR STEVEN R. DEMEESTER (Los Angeles, CA): I wondered if you are using just histology to look for metastases in the lymph nodes or if you are using immunohistochemistry, and if you are not using it, what higher percentage you might find with immunohistochemistry staining of the lymph nodes, and what that might impart in terms of prognosis for the patients?
DR ERCAN: Thank you very much and that is a good point. During the time of this study, immunohistochemical evaluation was not routine. That might be something to look at in the future.
DR RENEE S. HARTZ (New Orleans, LA): I believe my question is consistent with those of Drs DeMeester and Wood in that on one of your slides you showed a 70% survival rate at 3 years after simple metastectomy. This is an astonishing figure, and you did not elaborate on whether or not your univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on the basis of primary tumor cell type. Can this high survival rate be explained by the fact that most of your patients had colonic primaries? It seems unlikely that if you analyzed survival in metastatic renal cell carcinoma or melanoma you would have achieved anywhere near this 3-year survival rate. Were there enough non–colon cancer patients to perform this analysis?
DR ERCAN: Thank you very much. As you said, the majority of the patients had colonic primaries, and 26 patients had a variety of other tumor types (renal cell cancer in 13 patients and melanoma in 6). Cell type of the primary did not influence survival. Interestingly, there were only 2 patients with metastatically involved lymph nodes who survived beyond 4 years. Both of these patients had low-grade renal cell carcinomas.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopFootnotesAbstractIntroductionMaterial and methodsResultsCommentDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  L. Erhunmwunsee and T. A. D'Amico Surgical Management of Pulmonary Metastases Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2009; 88(6): 2052 - 2060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Timmerman, C. S. Bizekis, H. I. Pass, Y. Fong, D. E. Dupuy, L. A. Dawson, and D. Lu Local Surgical, Ablative, and Radiation Treatment of Metastases CA Cancer J Clin, May 1, 2009; 59(3): 145 - 170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. L. Fortes, M. S. Allen, V. J. Lowe, K.-H. R. Shen, D. A. Wigle, S. D. Cassivi, F. C. Nichols, and C. Deschamps The sensitivity of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of metastatic pulmonary nodules Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., December 1, 2008; 34(6): 1223 - 1227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Kang, C. H. Kang, H. J. Lee, J. M. Goo, Y. T. Kim, and J. H. Kim Accuracy of 16-channel multi-detector row chest computed tomography with thin sections in the detection of metastatic pulmonary nodules Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2008; 33(3): 473 - 479. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. I. Pass and C. S. Bizekis Surgical Treatment of Sarcomatous Lung Metastases ASCO Educational Book, January 1, 2008; 2008(1): 519 - 522. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Parsons, E. K. Ennis, B. C. Yankaskas, L. A. Parker Jr, W. B. Hyslop, and F. C. Detterbeck Helical Computed Tomography Inaccuracy in the Detection of Pulmonary Metastases: Can It Be Improved? Ann. Thorac. Surg., December 1, 2007; 84(6): 1830 - 1836. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Nakajima, K. Yasufuku, A. Iyoda, S. Yoshida, M. Suzuki, Y. Sekine, K. Shibuya, K. Hiroshima, Y. Nakatani, and T. Fujisawa The evaluation of lymph node metastasis by endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration: Crucial for selection of surgical candidates with metastatic lung tumors. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., December 1, 2007; 134(6): 1485 - 1490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Menon, R. Milton, J. A. C. Thorpe, and K. Papagiannopoulos The value of video-assisted mediastinoscopy in pulmonary metastasectomy Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2007; 32(2): 351 - 354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Treasure Editorial comment: Surgical resection of pulmonary metastases Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2007; 32(2): 354 - 355. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Pfannschmidt, H. Dienemann, and H. Hoffmann Surgical Resection of Pulmonary Metastases From Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review of Published Series Ann. Thorac. Surg., July 1, 2007; 84(1): 324 - 338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Harrison-Phipps, S. D. Cassivi, F. C. Nichols III, M. S. Allen, P. C. Pairolero, and C. Deschamps Conventional resection of pulmonary metastases MMCTS, June 19, 2007; 2007(0619): 1818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Veronesi, F. Petrella, F. Leo, P. Solli, P. Maissoneuve, D. Galetta, R. Gasparri, G. Pelosi, T. De Pas, and L. Spaggiari Prognostic role of lymph node involvement in lung metastasectomy J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., April 1, 2007; 133(4): 967 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Furak, I. Trojan, T. Szoke, L. Tiszlavicz, J. Eller, and G. Lazar Visceral pleural infiltration as a negative prognostic factor in lung metastasis Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, April 1, 2007; 6(2): 196 - 199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Rena, E. Papalia, A. Oliaro, P. Filosso, E. Ruffini, G. Maggi, and C. Casadio Pulmonary metastases from epithelial tumours: late results of surgical treatment. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2006; 30(2): 217 - 222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Clavero, C. Deschamps, S. D. Cassivi, M. S. Allen, F. C. Nichols III, B. A. Barrette, D. R. Larson, and P. C. Pairolero Gynecologic Cancers: Factors Affecting Survival After Pulmonary Metastasectomy Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 2006; 81(6): 2004 - 2007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Casali, A. Stefani, E. Storelli, and U. Morandi Prognostic factors and survival after resection of lung metastases from epithelial tumours Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2006; 5(3): 317 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Pfannschmidt, J. Klode, T. Muley, H. Dienemann, and H. Hoffmann Nodal Involvement at the Time of Pulmonary Metastasectomy: Experiences in 245 Patients Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 2006; 81(2): 448 - 454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| HOME | HELP | FEEDBACK | SUBSCRIPTIONS | ARCHIVE | SEARCH | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| ANN THORAC SURG | ASIAN CARDIOVASC THORAC ANN | EUR J CARDIOTHORAC SURG |
| J THORAC CARDIOVASC SURG | ICVTS | ALL CTSNet JOURNALS |
