HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Peter N. Wurnig Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Hollaus, P. H. Articles by Pridun, N. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Hollaus, P. H. Articles by Pridun, N. S. Related Collections Lung - cancer

Ann Thorac Surg 2003;75:966-972
© 2003 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

---

Original article: general thoracic

Risk factors for the development of postoperative complications after bronchial sleeve resection for malignancy: a univariate and multivariate analysis

^a Department of Thoracic Surgery, Otto Wagner Hospital, Vienna, Austria

Accepted for publication September 27, 2002.

^* Address reprint requests to Dr Hollaus, Department of Thoracic Surgery, Otto Wagner Hospital, Sanatoriumstraße 2, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
e-mail: peter.hollaus{at}pul.magwien.gv.at

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
BACKGROUND: This study was designed to identify risk factors responsible for postoperative complications after bronchoplastic procedures.

METHODS: Excluding sleeve pneumonectomies between January 1994 and December 2001, 108 patients underwent bronchoplastic procedures for bronchial malignancy. Prospectively documented data were age, gender, side, type of bronchial reconstruction, extended resection, histology, TNM stage, diseased lobe, and bronchial tumour occlusion. Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors included heart disease, arterial hypertension, cerebro-occlusive disease, peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities, diabetes mellitus, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Patients were grouped according to the presence/absence of any CV risk factor and the absolute number of CV risk factors present (zero to four). Non-CV risk factors included neoadjuvant chemotherapy, alcoholism, lung disease, sleep apnea, history of recent pneumococcal sepsis, and repeat thoracotomy. Groups were assembled according to the presence or absence of any non-CV risk factor, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and alcoholism. Respiratory risk factors included lung function and blood gas analysis. Groups were assembled according to the absolute number of respiratory risk factors in each person (zero to three) and the combination of respiratory and CV risk factors. Complications were defined as septic (pneumonia, empyema, brochopleural fistula, colitis) and aseptic. For univariate statistical analysis, t test, cross-tabulation, and ² test were used. All factors with a significance of p < 0.1 were entered into a binary backwards-stepwise logistic regression model.

RESULTS: The combination of respiratory and CV risk factors (p = 0.012, OR = 0.165) was predictive for overall complications. Coronary artery disease (p = 0.02, OR = 0.062) and the combination of two respiratory risk factors (p = 0.008, OR = 0.062) were predictive for septic complications. Peripheral artery disease (p = 0.024, OR = 0.28), moderate (p = 0.01, OR = 0.13) and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p = 0.018, OR = 0.11), and extended resections (p = 0.003, OR = 0.017.) were predictive for aseptic complications.

CONCLUSIONS: Comorbidity significantly influences the postoperative complication rate and is therefore crucial for evaluation of patients for bronchoplastic procedures. Different risk factors are responsible for the occurrence of septic and aseptic complications after bronchoplastic procedures.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
The literature dealing with postoperative complications aims to define risk groups to optimize postoperative surveillance measures or even to exclude patients with an unacceptably high risk from surgery. Whereas the surgical literature mainly investigates the incidence and causes of septic complications such as empyema and bronchopleural fistula, publications in respiratory medicine try to define risk factors for all kinds of complications without citing differences between septic and aseptic problems, thus ignoring their different pathophysiologic character. The data published so far have been derived from patients undergoing various extents of resection or focus on pneumonectomy. We found no recent reports that have investigated resections lesser than pneumonectomy. In addition, no data exist on risk factors for postoperative complications after bronchoplastic procedures. Complication rates are simply reported without any detailed analysis.

	Patients and methods

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
Between January 1994 and December 2001, 108 patients underwent bronchial sleeve resection for bronchial malignancy, with sleeve pneumonectomies being excluded. There were 81 men (74%) and 27 women (26%) aged between 26 and 76 years (mean, 58.06 ± 10.65). Thirty procedures (27.7%) were left sided and 78 (72.3%) were right sided. The bronchial tree was reconstructed with a classical end-to-end anastomosis in 75 cases (69.4%), a wedge resection in 16 cases (14.8%), and a Y-sleeve (replantation of a lobar bronchus into the mainstem bronchus) in 17 (15.7%). In 15 patients (13.9%), an additional procedure was performed: angioplasty (n = 11), thoracic wall resection (n = 1), wedge resection (n = 2), and anatomic segmentectomy (n = 1). Preoperative workup included lung function testing by spirometry, chest computed tomography, (CT), and bronchoscopy. In cases of limited pulmonary functional reserves contraindicating pneumonectomy, a ventilation-perfusion scan was performed. Patients with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on CT scan underwent preoperative mediastinoscopy to exclude N3 disease and multilevel N2 disease. Intubation was performed with a double-lumen endobronchial tube under single-shot antibiotic prophylaxis with a second-generation cephalosporin. Surgical access was a standard posterolateral thoracotomy. After completion of the anastomosis, a check for leaks was performed by water test under manual bag inflation. (p max = 40 cm) The anastomosis was not covered with autogenous tissue flaps; a pericardial release was not necessary. At the end of the procedure, the anastomosis was routinely inspected bronchoscopically through an adapter while ventilation was maintained. The patient was extubated in the operating room. During the postoperative course, bronchoscopy was only performed in cases of atelectasis, secretion retention, or if a fistula was suspected. Therapeutic bronchoscopy was performed in 27 patients (25%).

Cardiovascular risk factors
Coronary artery disease (CAD), arterial hypertension, cerebroocclusive disease (COD), peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities (PAD), and diabetes mellitus were prospectively documented as cardiovascular (CV) risk factors. Additionally, diseases such as congestive heart failure, valve dysfunction, preoperative arrhythmia, and abdominal aortic aneurysm were recorded but not evaluated separately due to their small number. To include these factors into analysis, patients were further grouped according to the presence or absence of any CV risk factor and according to the absolute number of CV risk factors present in a single individual. The definition of CV risk factors is shown in Table 1.

Respiratory risk factors
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV₁) (L), FEV₁%pred, VC (vital capacity)(L), VC%pred, O₂ (mm Hg), CO₂ (mm Hg), and FEV₁/VC were prospectively documented as respiratory risk factors. The definition of respiratory risk factors is shown in Table 1. Groups were assembled according to the absolute number of respiratory risk factors in one person. Further grouping concerned the combination of respiratory and cardiovascular risk factors.

Bronchological risk factors
The diseased lobe and the presence of occlusion of a bronchial or segmental bronchus were prospectively documented as bronchological risk factors.

Patients were further characterized by age, gender side, type of reconstruction of the bronchial tree (end-to-end anastomosis, wedge resection, y-sleeve), additional procedures (angioplasty, thoracic wall resection, segmentectomy, wedge resection), histology (squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma grade I, II, and III, miscellaneous), and TNM stage.

Complications were classified as major (fatal outcome, emergent intensive care unit admission, or reoperation) and minor. Further complications were defined as septic when an infection occurred (ie, pneumonia, empyema, brochopleural fistula, colitis) and aseptic (gastrointestinal bleeding, tachyarrhythmia, postoperative pneumothorax, cerebral infarction, mesenteric embolism, ileus, postoperative hemorrhage, atelectasis).

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for windows 10.0.7 (SSPS Inc., Chicago, IL). All summary statistics are presented as means ± standard deviation for continuous variables and as percentages for categoric variables. Differences in continuous variables were evaluated performing a t test for independent samples. Cross-tabulation and ² test were used for comparison of categorical variables. To identify significant independent predictors of overall complications, and septic and aseptic complications, all factors with a significance < 0.1 were entered into multivariate analysis. Odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a binary backwards-stepwise logistic regression estimates. The combination of independent variables giving the best explanation of the outcome (using R² statistic) was adopted. Results were considered to be significant at a p value less than 0.05.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
FEV₁ ranged from 1.32 to 4.28 I (mean, 2.58 ± 0.63 L). FEV₁%pred ranged from 46% to 119% (mean, 77.32% ± 14.71%). VC ranged from 1.88 to 6.93 L (mean, 3.68 ± 0.78 L). VC%pred ranged from 53% to 122% (mean, 89.69% ± 14.98%). FEV₁/VC ranged from 0.4 to 2.11 (mean, 0.71 ± 0.19), pO₂ from 58 to 97 mm Hg (mean, 77.17 ± 8.66 mm Hg), and pCO₂ from 29 to 54 mm Hg (mean, 37.83 ± 4.08 mm Hg).

Risk factors
Eleven patients (10.2%) presented without any risk factor, and 52 (48.1%) presented with one or more CV risk factors (Table 2). Of these, 31 patients (28.7%) had a single risk factor, 16 (14.8%) had a combination of two, 3 (2.8%) had a combination of three, and 2 (1.9%) had a combination of of four.

Eighteen patients (16.6%) presented with non-CV risk factors.

Bronchology
The tumor was located in the upper, middle, and lower lobes in 81 (75%), 3 (2.8%), and 15 (13.9%) cases, respectively, in the upper and middle lobes in 6 (5.6%), and lower and middle lobes in 3 (2.8%). In 49 patients (45.4%), a lobar or segmental orifice was occluded by the tumor.

Histology and staging
Histology and stage are shown in Table 3. Two patients underwent thoracotomy after successful radiotherapy of a single brain metastasis. In 6 patients (5.6%), the resection was not radical. In 5 patients, no tumor stage was given.

	Comment

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

The most consistent finding in the literature is that the more lung tissue removed, the higher are postoperative mortality and morbidity, with pneumonectomy being the most dangerous intervention. The postoperative complication rate after bronchial sleeve resections has been extensively reviewed by Tedder and associates [3]. Still, it remains difficult to evaluate the given numbers due to a great number of methodic flaws in the literature, because so far, a standardized definition of postoperative complications is still missing. Therefore, the reported numbers heavily depend on subjective criteria.

Some authors consider atelectasis requiring bronchoscopy as a pulmonary complication [3, 5, 6]. On the other hand, surgeons tend to perform bronchoscopy routinely during the postoperative course [7] or perform bronchoscopy if auscultation and chest roentgenogram are suggestive of secretion retention [8], which is also the policy of our department. The different strategies make a differentiation between routine bronchoscopy, therapeutical bronchoscopy, and bronchoscopy due to atelectasis nearly impossible. Because we prefer aggressive bronchoscopic management during the postoperative course, we do not consider postoperative bronchoscopy a complication.

Another problem is the diagnosis of postoperative pneumonia. Stephan and associates [6] regard a positive sputum culture as crucial for the diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Bernard and associates [9] define pneumonia as a new infiltrate on chest roentgenogram, fever >38°C, and purulent sputum. Wang and associates [10] include any new radiological infiltrate accompanied by fevers necessitating intravenous antibiotics. Busch and associates [5] need a positive sputum culture or a clinically significant infiltrate on chest roentgenogram, or the need for repeated bronchoscopy. Jagoe and associates [11] require a new infiltrate on chest roentgenogram, purulent sputum, and antibiotic treatment for diagnosis. Kearny and coworkers [12] do not provide any definition at all. The pneumonia rates differ significantly in all papers. Stephan, postulating a bronchoscopic evaluation, reports 6.5%; Wang, being more generous, 25%; Busch, 22%; Jagoe, 24.5%; and Kearney, without any definition, the lowest rate of 2%. This suggests that there is an overestimation of postoperative pneumonia rates when no strict bacteriological criteria are applied, and an underestimation when no criteria are given at all. We considered any new infiltrate accompanied by a rise of oxygen consumption and a decline of oxygen saturation as diagnostic for pneumonia. Our rate of 10.1% lies in the lower range and may be a result of aggressive bronchoscopic intervention if radiological signs of secretion retention are suspected.

The risk factors associated with complications after bronchial sleeve resections have not been analyzed so far. Besides the above-mentioned problem of missing definitions, we have no clues concerning the comorbidity of the patients either. Our comorbidity rate of 89.8% seems relatively high; however, an overall comorbidity rate is only given in Bernard’s publication, who reported a rate of 79% [9]. Our distribution of risk factors is comparable with the numbers given by Licker and associates [17], but very different from other papers. Whereas Romano and associates [13] describe a rate of drug abuse and alcoholism of 0.9%, we found 11%. Hypertension was present in 31.5% of our patients, diabetes in 9.2%, and chronic heart disease in 20%; whereas Romano reports 12.1%, 4.6%, and 19.4%, respectively. Förster and associates [14] described a cardiocirculatory comorbidity rate of 22.2%, compared with 38.8% in our series. This suggests that the selection criteria are extremely different. Thus, a higher complication rate does not necessarily mean inferior management, but probably a cumulation of patients with high comorbidity. Given the fact that surgery is the only chance of cure for lung cancer, we try to offer operations to as many patients as possible, even in the case of a high-risk situation. This is justified due to the desperate situation in the nonsurgical treatment of lung cancer.

Our numbers include our learning curve, and there was no mortality since 1999. Even so, our overall morbidity rate of 27% is comparable with the literature, which reports 25% [6, 8] to 32.4% [15, 18]. Our results show that complex thoracic procedures can be performed in a patient group with a high comorbidity rate with acceptable risk.

To allow multivariate analysis, complications are classified according to subjective criteria. They are defined as life-threatening/non–life-threatening [15, 16], organ-related such as respiratory and cardiac [5, 9, 12], severe/not severe [8], or fatal/nonfatal, life-threatening [17]. Jagoe and associates [11] used the categories septic, pulmonary, and miscellaneous. We partly adopted this idea but disregarded outcome because outcome depends not only on the patients’ preoperative condition but also heavily on complication management. While a bronchovascular fistula is usually lethal, the successful management of a bronchopleural fistula or empyema requires a very experienced surgical unit, a quick diagnosis, and immediate intervention. Thus, trying to evaluate our complications from a pathophysiological point of view, we divided them into infectious and noninfectious events.

Only the combination of cardiovascular and respiratory disease was predictive of the overall occurrence of complications. Although we used a rather different definition of complications, the results of multivariate analysis are confirmed by the literature. Extended resections, being predictive of aseptic complications, have been identified by numerous other publications [5, 9, 13, 15], as was the grade of COPD [13], the presence of respiratory risk [9, 13, 18], peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities [18], and coronary artery disease [17]. Still, a comparison of data remains questionable because the cited publications included various kinds of resections into their analysis. The rate of postoperative arrhythmias is very low compared with the literature. Our analysis covers a period of more than 7 years, and makes it difficult to find an explanation. One reason might be that the pericardium was never opened during bronchial sleeve resections. Because bronchoplastic procedures represent only a small percentage of all resections, and we are confronted with postoperative arrhythmias quite frequently after conventional resections, the low rate of arrhythmias in this study could have also been achieved by mere chance.

When divided into septic and aseptic complications, a more sophisticated result was obtained. No risk factors could be identified for both types of complications. This suggests that septic and aseptic complications have different causes. The logistic regression model proved to be fairly good for aseptic complications (R² = 0.57), but much less satisfactory for septic complications (R² = 0.28). Therefore, we must assume that the data collected are not the main predictors of septic complications, and further research needs to be done.

Conclusions
Exact definitions of postoperative complications are missing. It is desirable that stringent criteria defining the diagnosis of clinical entities are introduced to allow for comparison of published data. If complication rates are published, at least an exact definition of the criteria applied by the authors should be provided.

Comorbidity significantly influences the rate of postoperative complications. If comparisons of complication rates of different centers are to make sense, the comorbity rate is essential to exclude bias caused by patient selection. Due to the still disastrous prognosis of lung cancer, as many patients as possible should undergo surgical treatment if criteria of operability are met. Inoperability due to comorbidity should be an exemption, except that survival due to underlying nonneoplastic diseases falls below survival due to cancer.

Different risk factors are responsible for the occurrence of septic and aseptic postoperative complications. Whereas promotors of aseptic problems are confirmed by the literature and well known, the reasons for septic complications remain obscure.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 

1. Price-Thomas C. Conservative resection of the bronchial tree. J R Coll Surg Edin 1956;169–171
2. Lowe J.E., Sabiston D.C., Jr. Bronchoplastic techniques in the surgical management of benign and malignant pulmonary lesions. In: Sabiston D.C., Jr., Spencer F.C., eds. Surgery of the chest. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990:577.
3. Tedder M., Anstadt M.P., Tedder S.D., Lowe J.E. Current morbidity, mortality, and survival after bronchoplastic procedures for malignancy. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:387-391.[Abstract]
4. Van den Bosch J.M.M., Bergstein P.G.M., Laros C.D., Gelissen H.J., Schaepkens van Riempst A.L.E.M.S., Wagenaar S.S. Lobectomy with sleeve resection in the treatment of tumours of the bronchus. Chest 1981;80:154-157.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Busch E., Verazin G., Antkowiak J.G., Driscoll D., Takita H. Pulmonary complications in patients undergoing thoracotomy for lung carcinoma. Chest 1994;105:760-766.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Stephan F., Boucheseiche S., Hollande J., et al. Pulmonary complications following lung resection. Chest 2000;118:1263-1270.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7. Rea F., Loy M., Bortolotti L., Feltracco P., Fiore D., Sartori F. Morbidity, mortality and survival after bronchoplastic procedures for lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1997;11:201-205.[Abstract]
8. Krüger M., Uschinsky K., Häßler K., Engelmann C. Postoperative complications after bronchoplastic procedures in the treatment of bronchial malignancies. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998;14:46-53.
9. Bernard A., Ferrand L., Hagry O., Benoit L., Cheynel N., Favre J.P. Identification of prognostic factors determining risk groups for lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:1161-1167.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Wang J., Olak J., Ultmann R.E., Ferguson M.K. Assessment of pulmonary complications after lung resection. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1444-1447.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Jagoe R.T., Goodship T.H.J., Gibson G.J. The influence of nutritional status on complications after operations for lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;71:936-943.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Kearney D.J., Lee T.H., Reilly J.J., DeCamp M.M., Shugarbaker D.J. Assessment of operative risk in patients undergoing lung resection. Chest 1994;105:753-759.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Romano P.S., Mark D.H. Patient and hospital characteristics related to in hospital mortality after lung cancer resection. Chest 1992;101:1332-1337.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Förster R., Thoth Redmann K., Heinecke A., Scheld H.H. A prospective risk analysis of contemporary thoracic surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996;10:641-648.[Abstract]
15. Yano T., Yokoyama H., Fukuyama Y., Takai E., Mizutani K., Ichinose Y. The current status of postoperative complications and risk factors after a pulmonary resection for primary lung cancer: a multivariate analysis. Eur J Cardiothor Surg 1997;11:445-449.[Abstract]
16. Roberts J.R., Eustis C., Devore R., Carbone D., Choy H., Johnsons D. Induction chemotherapy increases perioperative complications in patients undergoing resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:885-888.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Licker M., dePerrot M., Höhn L., et al. Perioperative mortality and major cardio-pulmonary complications after lung surgery for non small cell carcinoma. Eur J Cardiothor Surg 1999;15:314-319.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18. Duque J.L., Ramos G., Castrodeza J., et al. Early complications in surgical treatment of lung cancer: a prospective, multicenter study. Grupo Cooperativo de Carcinoma Broncogenico de la Sociedad Espanola de Neumologia y Cirugia Toracica. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;63:944-950.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				B. Yildizeli, E. Fadel, S. Mussot, D. Fabre, O. Chataigner, and P. G. Dartevelle Morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival after sleeve lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., January 1, 2007; 31(1): 95 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Schussler, M. Alifano, H. Dermine, S. Strano, A. Casetta, S. Sepulveda, A. Chafik, S. Coignard, A. Rabbat, and J.-F. Regnard Postoperative Pneumonia after Major Lung Resection Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., May 15, 2006; 173(10): 1161 - 1169. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S.-i. Takeda, H. Maeda, M. Koma, Y. Matsubara, N. Sawabata, M. Inoue, T. Tokunaga, and M. Ohta Comparison of surgical results after pneumonectomy and sleeve lobectomy for non-small cell lung cancer.: Trends over time and 20-year institutional experience Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., March 1, 2006; 29(3): 276 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z. Safdar, M. O'Sullivan, and J. M. Shapiro Emergent Bullectomy for Acute Respiratory Failure in Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome J Intensive Care Med, November 1, 2004; 19(6): 349 - 351. [Abstract] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Peter N. Wurnig Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Hollaus, P. H. Articles by Pridun, N. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Hollaus, P. H. Articles by Pridun, N. S. Related Collections Lung - cancer