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Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:629-631
© 2002 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
a Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
* Address reprint requests to Dr Keshavjee, Director, Toronto Lung Transplant Program, Toronto General Hospital, 200 Elizabeth St, EN 10-224, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
e-mail: shaf.keshavjee{at}uhn.on.ca
Footnotes
Doctor Keshavjee discloses that he has a financial relationship with Vitrolife.
Review
1. De Perrot M., Keshavjee S. Lung preservation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2001;6:223-230.
2. Kelly R.F. Current strategies in lung preservation. J Lab Clin Med 2000;136:427-440.[Medline]
Organ procurement
Surgical Technique
3. Sundaresan S., Trachiotis G.D., Aoe M., Patterson G.A., Cooper J.D. Donor lung procurement: assessment and operative technique. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:1409-1413.[Abstract]
Volume, pressure, and temperature of flush solution
4. Andrade R.S., Wangensteen O.D., Jo J.K., Tsai M.Y., Bolman R.M., III Effect of hypothermic pulmonary artery flushing on capillary filtration coefficient. Transplantation 2000;70:267-271.[Medline]
5. Tanaka H., Chiba Y., Sasaki M., Matsukawa S., Muraoka R. Relationship between flushing pressure and nitric oxide production in preserved lungs. Transplantation 1998;65:460-464.[Medline]
6. Wang L.S., Nakamoto K., Hsieh C.M., Miyoshi S., Cooper J.D. Influence of temperature of flushing solution on lung preservation. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;55:711-715.[Abstract]
7. Keshavjee S.H., Yamazaki F., Cardoso P.F., McRitchie D.I., Patterson G.A., Cooper J.D. A method for safe twelve-hour pulmonary preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;98:529-534.[Abstract]
8. Haverich A., Aziz S., Scott W.C., Jamieson S.W., Shumway N.E. Improved lung preservation using Euro-Collins solution for flush-perfusion. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;34:368-376.[Medline]
Lung inflation during storage
9. Sakuma T., Tsukano C., Ishigaki M., et al. Lung deflation impairs alveolar epithelial fluid transport in ischemic rabbit and rat lungs. Transplantation 2000;69:1785-1793.[Medline]
10. Fukuse T., Hirata T., Nakamura T., Kawashima M., Hitomi S., Wada H. Influence of deflated and anaerobic conditions during cold storage on rat lungs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:621-627.
11. DeCampos K.N., Keshavjee S., Liu M., Slutsky A.S. Optimal inflation volume for hypothermic preservation of rat lungs. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998;17:599-607.[Medline]
12. Haniuda M., Hasegawa S., Shiraishi T., Dresler C.M., Cooper J.D., Patterson G.A. Effects of inflation volume during lung preservation on pulmonary capillary permeability. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:85-93.
Oxygenation during storage
13. Fukuse T., Hirata T., Hitomi S., Wada H. Influence of alveolar gas during pulmonary preservation on reperfusion injury. Transplant Proc 2000;32:334-335.[Medline]
14. Date H., Matsumura A., Manchester J.K., Cooper J.M., Lowry O.H., Cooper J.D. Changes in alveolar oxygen and carbondioxide concentration and oxygen consumption during lung preservation. The maintenance of aerobic metabolism during lung preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105:492-501.[Abstract]
15. Weder W., Harper B., Shimokawa S., et al. Influence of intraalveolar oxygen concentration on lung preservation in a rabbit model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:1037-1043.[Abstract]
Storage temperature
16. Kayano K., Toda K., Naka Y., Pinsky D.J. Identification of optimal conditions for lung graft storage with Euro-Collins solution by use of a rat orthotopic lung transplant model. Circulation 1999;100(Suppl 2):257-261.
17. Date H., Lima O., Matsumura A., Tsuji H., dAvignon D.A., Cooper J.D. In a canine model, lung preservation at 10 degrees C is superior to that at 4 degrees C. A comparison of two preservation temperatures on lung function and on adenosine triphosphate level measured by phosphorus 31-nuclear magnetic resonance. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:773-780.[Abstract]
18. Wang L.S., Yoshikawa K., Miyoshi S., et al. The effect of ischemic time and temperature on lung preservation in a simple ex vivo rabbit model used for functional assessment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;98:333-342.[Abstract]
Retrograde flush
19. Venuta F., Rendina E.A., Bufi M., et al. Preimplantation retrograde pneumoplegia in clinical lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;118:107-114.
20. Varela A., Cordoba M., Serrano-Fiz S., et al. Early lung allograft function after retrograde and antegrade preservation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;114:1119-1120.
21. Sarsam M.A., Yonan N.A., Deiraniya A.K., Rahman A.N. Retrograde pulmonaryplegia for lung preservation in clinical transplantation: a new technique. J Heart Lung Transplant 1993;12:494-498.[Medline]
Ischemic preconditioning
22. Friedrich I., Spillner J., Lu E.X., et al. Ischemic pre-conditioning of 5 minutes but not of 10 minutes improves lung function after warm ischemia in a canine model. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:985-995.[Medline]
23. Featherstone R.L., Chambers D.J., Kelly F.J. Ischemic preconditioning enhances recovery of isolated rat lungs after hypothermic preservation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:237-242.
24. Gasparri R.I., Jannis N.C., Flameng W.J., Lerut T.E., Van Raemdonck D.E. Ischemic preconditioning enhances donor lung preservation in the rabbit. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999;16:639-646.
Clinical studies with low potassium dextran solution
25. Fischer S., Matte-Martyn A., De Perrot M., et al. Low-potassium dextran preservation solution improves lung function after human lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:594-596.
26. Struber M., Wilhelmi M., Harringer W., et al. Flush perfusion with low potassium dextran solution improves early graft function in clinical lung transplantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2001;19:190-194.
27. Muller C., Furst H., Reichenspurner H., Briegel J., Groh J., Reichart B. Lung procurement by low-potassium dextran and the effect on preservation injury. Munich Lung Transplant Group. Transplantation 1999;68:1139-1143.[Medline]
Slow reperfusion pressure
28. Halldorsson A.O., Kronon M.T., Allen B.S., Rahman S., Wang T. Lowering reperfusion pressure reduces the injury after pulmonary ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:198-203.
29. Pierre A.F., DeCampos K.N., Liu M., et al. Rapid reperfusion causes stress failure in ischemic rat lungs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;116:932-942.
30. Bhabra M.S., Hopkinson D.N., Shaw T.E., Hooper T.L. Critical importance of the first 10 minutes of lung graft reperfusion after hypothermic storage. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:1631-1635.
Strategies to treat reperfusion injury
Inhaled Nitric Oxide
31. Meade M., Granton J.T., Matte-Martyn A., et al. A randomized trial of inhaled nitric oxide to prevent reperfusion injury following lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:254-255.[Medline]
32. Ardehali A., Laks H., Levine M., et al. A prospective trial of inhaled nitric oxide in clinical lung transplantation. Transplantation 2001;72:112-115.[Medline]
33. Date H., Triantafillou A.N., Trulock E.P., Pohl M.S., Cooper J.D., Patterson G.A. Inhaled nitric oxide reduces human lung allograft dysfunction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;111:913-919.
34. Adatia I., Lillehei C., Arnold J.H., et al. Inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of postoperative graft dysfunction after lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:1311-1318.[Abstract]
Prostaglandin E1
35. De Perrot M., Fischer S., Liu M., et al. Prostaglandin E1 protects lung transplants from ischemia-reperfusion injury: a shift from pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines. Transplantation 2001;72:1505-1512.[Medline]
36. Fiser S.M., Cope J.T., Kron I.L., et al. Aerosolized prostacyclin (epoprostenol) as an alternative to inhaled nitric oxide for patients with reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:981-982.
37. Aoe M., Trachiotis G.D., Okabayashi K., et al. Administration of prostaglandin E1 after lung transplantation improves early graft function. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:655-661.[Abstract]
Surfactant therapy
38. Struber M., Hirt S.W., Cremer J., Harringer W., Haverich A. Surfactant replacement in reperfusion injury after clinical lung transplantation. Intens Care Med 1999;25:862-864.[Medline]
39. Hausen B., Rohde R., Hewitt C.W., et al. Exogenous surfactant treatment before and after sixteen hours of ischemia in experimental lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997;113:1050-1058.
40. Erasmus M.E., Petersen A.H., Hofstede G., Haagsman H.P., Bambang O.S., Prop J. Surfactant treatment before reperfusion improves the immediate function of lung transplants in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:665-670.[Abstract]
Gene therapy
41. Fischer S., Liu M., Maclean A.A., et al. In vivo transtracheal adenovirus-mediated transfer of human interleukin-10 gene to donor lungs ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion injury and improves early posttransplant graft function in the rat. Hum Gene Ther 2001;12:1513-1526.[Medline]
42. Itano H., Zhang W., Ritter J.H., McCarthy T.J., Mohanakumar T., Patterson G.A. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human interleukin 10 ameliorates reperfusion injury of rat lung isografts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:947-956.
43. Suda T., Mora B.N., DOvidio F., et al. In vivo adenovirus-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene transfer ameliorates lung allograft ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;119:297-304.
44. Hiratsuka M., Mora B.N., Yano M., Mohanakumar T., Patterson G.A. Gene transfer of heat shock protein 70 protects lung grafts from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1421-1427.
45. Danel C., Erzurum S.C., Prayssac P., et al. Gene therapy for oxidant injury-related diseases: adenovirus-mediated transfer of superoxide dismutase and catalase cDNAs protects against hyperoxia but not against ischemia-reperfusion lung injury. Hum Gene Ther 1998;9:1487-1496.[Medline]
Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury
Cytokines
46. De Perrot M., Sekine Y., Fischer S., et al. Interleukin-8 release during early reperfusion predicts graft function in human lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;165:211-215.
47. Fisher A.J., Donnelly S.C., Hirani N., et al. Elevated levels of interleukin-8 in donor lungs is associated with early graft failure after lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:259-265.
48. Eppinger M.J., Deeb G.M., Bolling S.F., Ward P.A. Mediators of ischemia-reperfusion injury of rat lung. Am J Pathol 1997;150:1773-1784.[Abstract]
49. Eppinger M.J., Ward P.A., Bolling S.F., Deeb G.M. Regulatory effects of interleukin-10 on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996;112:1301-1305.
50. Serrick C., Adoumie R., Giaid A., Shennib H. The early release of interleukin-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma after ischemia reperfusion injury in the lung allograft. Transplantation 1994;58:1158-1162.[Medline]
51. Pham S.M., Yoshida Y., Aeba R., et al. Interleukin-6, a marker of preservation injury in clinical lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 1992;11:1017-1024.[Medline]
Platelet activating factor
52. Wittwer T., Grote M., Oppelt P., Franke U., Schaefers H.J., Wahlers T. Impact of PAF antagonist BN 52021 (Ginkolide B) on post-ischemic graft function in clinical lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001;20:358-363.[Medline]
53. Kim J.D., Baker C.J., Roberts R.F., et al. Platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase decreases lung reperfusion injury. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70:423-428.
54. Stammberger U., Carboni G.L., Hillinger S., Schneiter D., Weder W., Schmid R.A. Combined treatment with endothelin- and PAF-antagonists reduces post-transplant lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999;18:862-868.[Medline]
Complement
55. Stammberger U., Hamacher J., Hillinger S., Schmid R.A. sCR1sLe ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:1078-1084.
56. Zamora M.R., Davis R.D., Keshavjee S.H., et al. Complement inhibition attenuates human lung transplant reperfusion injury: a multicenter trial. Chest 1999;116(Suppl):46S.
57. Pierre A.F., Xavier A.M., Liu M., et al. Effect of complement inhibition with soluble complement receptor 1 on pig allotransplant lung function. Transplantation 1998;66:723-732.[Medline]
Endothelin
58. Shaw M.J., Shennib H., Bousette N., Ohlstein E.H., Giaid A. Effect of endothelin receptor antagonist on lung allograft apoptosis and NOSII expression. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:386-390.
59. Mizutani H., Minamoto K., Aoe M., et al. Expression of endothelin-1 and effects of an endothelin receptor antagonist, TAK-044, at reperfusion after cold preservation in a canine lung transplantation model. J Heart Lung Transplant 1998;17:835-845.[Medline]
60. Shennib H., Lee A.G., Kuang J.Q., Yanagisawa M., Ohlstein E.H., Giaid A. Efficacy of administering an endothelin-receptor antagonist (SB209670) in ameliorating ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung allografts. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1975-1981.
Apoptosis in ischemia-reperfusion injury
61. Fischer S., Maclean A.A., Liu M., et al. Dynamic changes in apoptotic and necrotic cell death correlate with severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury in lung transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1932-1939.
62. Fischer S., Cassivi S.D., Xavier A.M., et al. Cell death in human lung transplantation: apoptosis induction in human lungs during ischemia and after transplantation. Ann Surg 2000;231:424-431.[Medline]
63. Keshavjee S., Zhang X.M., Fischer S., Liu M. Ischemia reperfusion-induced dynamic changes of protein tyrosine phosphorylation during human lung transplantation. Transplantation 2000;70:525-531.[Medline]
64. Stammberger U., Gaspert A., Hillinger S., et al. Apoptosis induced by ischemia and reperfusion in experimental lung transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 2000;69:1532-1536.
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