HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS		QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced] Author: Keyword(s): Year:  Vol:  Page:

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Ulf Abdel-Rahman Anton Moritz Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Abdel-Rahman, U. Articles by Moritz, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Abdel-Rahman, U. Articles by Moritz, A. Related Collections Trachea and bronchi

Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:315-319
© 2002 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

---

Original article: general thoracic

Surgical treatment of tracheomalacia by bronchoscopic monitored aortopexy in infants and children

^a Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
^b Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
^c Department of Pediatric Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany

Accepted for publication March 26, 2002.

* Address reprint requests to Dr Abdel-Rahman, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, J. W. Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D 60590 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
e-mail: abdel-rahman{at}gmx.de

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
Background. Aortopexy has become an established surgical procedure for the treatment of severe tracheomalacia (TM) in infancy. However, postoperative outcome may be improved by intraoperative bronchoscopic control of the aortopexy.

Methods. Between 1992 and 2000, 16 infants and children (2 female, 14 male) with TM were treated by pexis of the aorta via a right (15 patients) or left (1 patient) anterior thoracotomy. Patients age ranged from 4 to 122 months (mean, 26 mon). Three infants had previous surgery for esophagus atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. Another four patients were operated for gastroesophageal reflux. In all cases, the aortopexy was monitored intraoperatively by bronchoscopy. Respiratory function was verified for each patient by comparing pre- and postoperative tidal expiratory flow values (TEF 25% in ml/sec).

Results. Mean follow-up was 36 months (range, 2 to 60 mo). There was no intraoperative or postoperative mortality. 13 patients showed permanent relief of symptoms. Postoperative median TEF 25% increased significantly compared with preoperative values (81 ml/sec vs. 56 ml/sec; p = 0.016). In one patient repeat aortopexy was necessary.

Conclusions. Aortopexy through a right anterior thoracotomy is an efficient and feasible method in the surgical treatment of TM in infancy and, therefore, can improve postoperative respiratory function. Intraoperative bronchoscopy is advantageous.

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
Tracheobronchomalacia (TBM) is a rare congenital or acquired disease characterized by abnormal softness or absence of the bronchotracheal cartilaginous bridges resulting in a reduced tracheobronchial lumen. Additional flaccidity may worsen the process which can involve the entire trachea or only segments of the tracheobronchial tree. In cases of primary (congenital) bronchomalacia (BM) oesophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula are usually associated [1, 2]. Secondary (acquired) BM is usually caused by continuous compression due to vascular malformations, tumors, long term intubation or tracheostomy [3].

The spectrum of clinical symptoms ranges from mild and recurrent respiratory infections to severe and acute airway obstruction with apneic and cyanotic episodes or so-called dying spells. Typically, symptoms develop in early infancy but may first present even later on in childhood depending upon their severity.

Mild cases usually resolve spontaneously or under conservative treatment whereas severe forms with progressive symptoms require surgical intervention early in infancy. The technique and timing of operation remain controversial. Aortopexy, as first described by Gross and Newhauser, is accepted as a surgical procedure for the treatment of severe TM, avoiding complex tracheobronchial resections [4]. In the present study we retrospectively demonstrate our experience with bronchoscopic monitored aortopexy in 16 infants and children.

	Patients and methods

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
Demographic data and diagnoses
Sixteen infants (2 female, 14 male) with severe TM were treated by aortopexy (Table 1). Patients age ranged from 4 to 122 months (mean, 26 mon). Mean body weight was 12.9 kg (range, 3.5 to 12.0 kg). Five infants had previous surgery for esophageal atresia. In two of these 5 cases a recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula was observed. Another four patients were operatively treated for gastroesophageal reflux. One patient was a premature newborn (31 weeks of gestation) and another infant had a 21p+ chromosomal defect with choanal stenosis. In one patient a left sided thoracotomy was performed for simultaneous resection of a persistent ductus arteriosus that was responsible for stenosis of the left main bronchus.

Preoperative bronchoscopy and lung function test
TM was diagnosed preoperatively by flexible bronchoscopy (Olympics BF Type N20) in all patients breathing spontaneously. In all cases a short segment obstruction (1–3 cm) of the distal trachea was found. During expiration tracheal collapse, softness of cartilaginous bridges or an abnormally wide pars membranacea bulging into the tracheal lumen was observed most frequently. To exclude tracheoesophageal compression by aortic arch anomalies, high resolution computed tomography and/or echocardiography was done. A baby lung function test (SensorMedics 2600, Anaheim, CA, USA) was performed pre- and postoperatively [5]. In order to assess postoperative outcome, median tidal expiratory flow values (TEF 25%) were estimated and compared with corresponding values [6].

Surgical technique and intraoperative bronchoscopy
Patients were positioned supine on the table with the right chest slightly elevated. In all patients access to the aorta was obtained by a right anterior thoracotomy through the 4th intercostal space (incision length, 4–7 cm). If necessary the right lobe of the thymus was resected in order to expose the ascending aorta. Avoiding injury of the right phrenic nerve, the pericardium was opened longitudinally to the aortic duplication fold. One or two 2-0 pledgeted nonabsorbable ethibond sutures were placed in the pericardial duplication fold and adventitia of the ascending aorta without entering the aortic lumen (Fig 1A). After passing through the posterior periosteum of the sternum the sutures were suspended forward to bring the aortic root to the sternum. Confirming the most effective direction by intraoperative bronchoscopy, the sutures were then tied (Fig 1B). In Figures 2A and B the corresponding bronchoscopic views of tracheal stenosis before and its decompression immediately after aortopexy are presented. Postoperatively, all patients were treated with inhalative steroids to reduce tracheobronchial hyperreactivity.

View larger version (105K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 1. Intraoperative view (A) before and (B) after aortopexy.

View larger version (67K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 2. (A) Bronchoscopic view of tracheal stenosis. (B) Bronchoscopic view of tracheal decompression after aortopexy.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 
All 16 infants underwent aortopexy without intra- or postoperative mortality. In one case the sutures tore out so that repeat aortopexy three months after the initial procedure was necessary. In all cases extubation could be performed immediately after operation in the operation theatre. Permanent relief of symptoms (free of stridor, no further apneic episodes) was clinically observed in 13 patients. Mean follow-up was 36 months, ranging from 2 to 60 months. Another patient presented a relapse of tracheoesophageal fistula three years after aortopexy which was successfully repaired by bronchoscopic closure. In patients who had a preoperative lung function test, the median TEF 25% was significantly increased after aortopexy (81 ml/sec vs. 56 ml/sec; p = 0.016) (Fig 3).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig 3. Tidal endexpiratory flow (TEF) values before and after aortopexy.

	Comment

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

Aortopexy has been proven to be a safe and simple method for the management of severe TM in infancy [8, 9, 10]. It does not alter the tracheal structure and works by pulling the trachea forward, thus widening tracheal diameter. However, the operative technique is still controversial. Many authors preferred a left anterior thoracotomy in the 3rd intercostal space and reported good exposure of the ascending aorta and the branches of the aortic arch [7, 11, 12]. Brawn et al. described successful tracheoaortopexy via a midline sternotomy in two infants with proximal tracheomalacia [13]. An anterior cervical approach for tracheopexy was presented by Vaishnav et al. as alternative [14]. We prefer a right anterior thoracotomy which allows adequate exposure of the aorta and access to the innominate artery. Bullard and co-workers described a mediastinal window approach by using a small transverse incision over the 3rd intercostal space for aortopexy avoiding a standard thoracotomy [15]. A dacron patch aortopexy is favoured by Spitz to minimize the aortic trauma [16]. Applebaum et al. modify the standard suture aortopexy by using a pericardial flap as a tough structure for suspending the aorta without sutures placed in the aortic wall [17].

However, there are still some open questions regarding optimal treatment of TM in infancy. Based on our experience, 70% of the cases with TM did not require aortopexy because symptoms resolved spontaneously. In 30% of the patients presenting severe symptoms with life-threatening episodes aortopexy was indicated. All these patients had a TM based on a short obstruction of the distal trachea. Aortopexy might not be sufficient in the treatment of airway collapse when the entire length of intrathoracic trachea was involved. Endotracheal or external stenting techniques were reported to be feasible for reinforcing the tracheal wall, thus preventing airway collapse [18, 19]. Airway splinting in management of segmental TM did not seem to affect tracheal growing either experimentally or in humans [20, 21]. However, tracheostomy should be avoided as a primary approach since secondary TM and tracheal fibrosis may occur [3].

According to our experience, early aortopexy can be recommended in infants with severe symptoms and short segment obstruction in the distal trachea with severe symptoms. Intraoperative bronchoscopic monitoring should be performed to control the amount and direction of aortopexy assuring the most effective tracheal decompression [22].

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Patients and methods Results Comment References

 

1. Davies M.R., Cywes S. The flaccid trachea and tracheoesophageal congenital anomalies. J Pediatr Surg 1978;13:363-367.[Medline]
2. Cox W.L., Shaw R.R. Congenital chondromalacia of the trachea. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1965;49:1033-1039.
3. Greenholz S.K., Karrer F.M., Lilly J.R. Contemporary surgery of tracheomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:511-514.[Medline]
4. Gross R.E., Newhauser E.B.D. Compression of the trachea by an anomalous innomiate artery-an operation for its relief. Am J Dis Child 1948;75:570-574.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Lodrup Carlsen K.C., Magnus P., Carlsen K.H. Lung function by tidal breathing in awake healthy newborn infants. Eur Respir J 1994;7:1660-1668.[Abstract]
6. Milner A., Saunders R., Hopkins I. Tidal pressure volume and flow volume respiratory loop patterns in human neonates. Clinical Sciences and Molecular Medicine 1978;54:257-264.
7. Blair G.K., Cohen R., Filler R.M. Treatment of tracheomalacia: eight years’ experience. J Pediatr Surg 1986;21:781-785.[Medline]
8. Malone P.S., Kiely E.M. Role of aortopexy in the management of primary tracheomalacia and tracheobronchomalacia. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:438-440.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9. Vazquez-Jimenez J.F., Sachweh J.S., Liakopoulos O.L., Hügel W., Holzki J., von Bernuth G., Messmer B.J. Aortopexy in severe tracheal instability: short-term and long-term outcome in 29 infants and children. Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:1898-1901.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10. Kiely E.M., Spitz L., Bereton R. Management of tracheomalacia by aortopexy. Pediatr Surg Int 1987;2:13-15.
11. Schwartz M.Z., Filler R.M. Tracheal compression as a cause of apnea following repair of tracheoesophageal fistula: treatment by aortopexy. J Pediatr Surg 1980;15:842-848.[Medline]
12. Filler R.M., Messineo A., Vinograd I. Severe tracheomalacia associated with esophageal atresia: results of surgical treatment. J Pediatr Surg 1992;27:1136-1140.[Medline]
13. Brawn W.J., Huddart S.N. Tracheoaortopexy via midline sternotomy in tracheomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26:660-662.[Medline]
14. Vaishnav A., MacKinnon A.E. New cervical approach for tracheopexy. Br J Surg 1986;73:441-442.[Medline]
15. Bullard K.M., Adzick N.S., Harrison M.R. A mediastinal window approach to aortopexy. J Pediatr Surg 1997;32:680-681.[Medline]
16. Spitz L. Dacron-patch aortopexy. Prog Pediatr Surg 1986;19:117-119.[Medline]
17. Applebaum H., Woolley M.M. Pericardial flap aortopexy for tracheomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1990;25:30-32.[Medline]
18. Filler R.M., Carlos Frag V.-F.J., Matute J. The use of expandable metallic airway stents for tracheobronchial obstruction in children. J Pediatr Surg 1995;30:1050-1056.[Medline]
19. Hagl S., Jacob H., Sebening C., et al. External stabilization of long segment tracheobronchomalacia guided by intraoperative bronchoscopy. Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:1412-1421.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Murphy J.P., Filler R.M., Muraji T., Bahoric A., Kent G., Smith C. Effect of prosthetic airway splint on the growing trachea. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18:872-878.[Medline]
21. Vinograd I., Filler R.M., Bahoric A. Long-term functional results of prosthetic airway splinting in tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 1987;22:34-41.[Medline]
22. Kamata S., Usui N., Sawai T., Nose K., Kitayama Y., Okuyama H., Okada A. Pexis of the great vessels for patients with tracheobronchomalacia in infancy. J Pediatr Surg 2000;35:454-457.[Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				S. Fatimi, S. Sheikh, Z. Shah, and S. Fatimi Tracheomalacia in a Patient with Unilateral Pulmonary and Renal Agenesis Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann, December 1, 2007; 15(6): 524 - 525. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Iwasa, T. Shin'oka, T. Sakamoto, Y. Nagase, H. Hasegawa, and H. Kurosawa Successful extracardiac total cavo pulmonary connection (TCPC) after external tracheobronchial stenting for tracheobronchomalacia Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, October 1, 2006; 5(5): 599 - 601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Briganti, L. Oriolo, V. Buffa, S. Garofalo, S. Cavallaro, and A. Calisti Tracheomalacia in oesophageal atresia: morphological considerations by endoscopic and CT study Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., July 1, 2005; 28(1): 11 - 15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. A. Carden, P. M. Boiselle, D. A. Waltz, and A. Ernst Tracheomalacia and Tracheobronchomalacia in Children and Adults: An In-depth Review Chest, March 1, 2005; 127(3): 984 - 1005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Ulf Abdel-Rahman Anton Moritz Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Abdel-Rahman, U. Articles by Moritz, A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Abdel-Rahman, U. Articles by Moritz, A. Related Collections Trachea and bronchi