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Right arrow Congenital - acyanotic

Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:1759-1764
© 2002 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Original article: cardiovascular

Comparable systemic ventricular function in healthy adults and patients with unoperated congenitally corrected transposition using MRI dobutamine stress testing

Ali Dodge-Khatami, MD*a,c, Igor I. Tulevski, MDb, Ger B.W.E. Bennink, MD, PhDc, J. François Hitchcock, MD, PhDc, Bas A.J.M. de Mol, MD, PhDa, Ernst E. van der Wall, MD, PhDd, Barbara J.M. Mulder, MD, PhDb

a Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Amsterdam, The Netherlands
b Division of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
c Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University of Utrecht, The Utrecht, Netherlands
d Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

* Reprint requests to Dr Dodge-Khatami, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
e-mail: a.dodgekhatami{at}amc.uva.nl

Presented at the Poster Session of the Thirty-eighth Annual Meeting of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, Fort Lauderdale, FL, Jan 28–30, 2002.


   Abstract
Top
 Abstract
Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Comment
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
Background. Failure of the systemic right ventricle (RV) often complicates adult survival in unoperated or physiologically repaired congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA). Healthy controls schematically represent an optimal outcome of anatomic repair, which is increasingly performed to treat CCTGA. Magnetic resonance imaging dobutamine stress testing measures cardiac reserve, and sets to compare the left ventricle of controls with the systemic RV of unoperated and physiologically repaired patients with CCTGA.

Methods. Baseline and stress magnetic resonance imaging (maximum dobutamine dose, 15 µg/kg/min) assessed systemic RV function in 13 minimally or asymptomatic adult patients with CCTGA (unoperated, n = 7; physiologically repaired, n = 6). The left ventricles of 11 healthy age-matched adults served as controls.

Results. Baseline and stress end-diastolic volumes were similar between the systemic RV of unoperated patients and the left ventricle of controls, as well as base line end-systolic volumes. Stress ejection fraction was lower in unoperated and physiologically repaired patients (70 ± 6% and 60 ± 5%, respectively, vs healthy controls (84 ± 8%). However, comparable with healthy controls, both subsets of CCTGA patients responded appropriately to dobutamine stress, as illustrated by similar RV stroke volume, heart rate, mean blood pressure, and cardiac index.

Conclusions. Compared with the left ventricles of healthy controls, both patient groups had larger systemic RV volumes, diminished ejection fraction, but an appropriate response to dobutamine stress. Values of unoperated patients are closer to normal than physiologically repaired patients. Magnetic resonance imaging dobutamine may help to define the subgroups of CCTGA patients with favorable anatomy, whereby asymptomatic adult survival could be anticipated without the need for an operation.


   Introduction
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
Patients and methods
 Results
 Comment
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
Right ventricular failure, tricuspid valve insufficiency, and complete heart block are established causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (CCTGA) [1–7]. This may occur either in unoperated patients, or after variants of the so-called "classic" or physiologic repair, in which the morphologic right ventricle (RV) and atrioventricular valve remain in the systemic circulation. The disappointing natural history and surgical results of physiologic repair [1, 8–10] led to the concept of anatomic repair, either the double switch procedure, or an atrial switch plus Rastelli repair, which is increasingly proposed to treat symptomatic young patients with CCTGA. Although the midterm follow-up of the anatomic repair has shown encouraging results when performed early on [6, 11], the indication to do so remains uncertain in adults. Issues pertaining to left ventricular retraining before anatomic repair are paramount, and the extent to which this may be achieved is a major determinant of operative success [11]. Furthermore, anatomic repair has met with its own set of complications, namely atrial arrhythmias, baffle obstructions, neoaortic valve insufficiency after pulmonary artery banding, and the need for repeat conduit changes if a Rastelli repair is involved [6, 11, 12]. In patients with CCTGA who are asymptomatic or older, or both, a large undertaking such as the anatomic repair would seem questionable.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) coupled with dobutamine stress testing can accurately assess cardiac reserve and represent an ideal noninvasive follow-up modality in all patient groups with right ventricular overload [13–15]. It allows for early detection of ventricular dilation and impending failure, and may guide medical or surgical management before symptoms appear [13]. Our study uses dobutamine stress MRI in an attempt to define and predict the eventual subsets of patients who will never need an operation rather than an anatomic repair.


   Patients and methods
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
Results
 Comment
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
Thirteen asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic adults with CCTGA (mean age, 28.1 ± 11.5 years) and 11 age-matched healthy volunteers were enrolled in our study. Six patients with congenitally corrected transposition had undergone multiple operations along the physiologic repair pathway between 1978 and 1995. Preoperatively, 2 patients had presented with cyanosis, and 4 had been in intractable heart failure. All were in New York Heart Association classes III-IV preoperatively, and all were in sinus rhythm. Palliative procedures were performed in 3 patients at a mean age of 1.1 years (range, 0.4 to 2 years), including pulmonary artery banding (n = 2), and a modified left Blalock-Taussig shunt (n = 1). Intracardiac physiologic repair was performed at a mean age of 15.8 years (range, 3 to 61 years), and included closure of a ventricular septal defect (n = 3) or an atrial septal defect (n = 3), tricuspid valve replacement (n = 2) or repair (n = 1; reoperation), pulmonary valve commissurotomy (n = 1), and insertion of a left ventricular-to-pulmonary artery valved homograft conduit (n = 1). There was no operative mortality and no incidence of postoperative complete heart block. At the time of the MRI dobutamine study, mean age was 29.5 ± 18 years (range, 17 to 65 years). Three patients had residual 2 to 3+ tricuspid valve regurgitation, as assessed by echocardiography.

Equally studied were 7 asymptomatic adult patients with unoperated CCTGA, with a mean age of 26.7 years (range, 22 to 35 years). One patient was in spontaneous complete heart block without a pacemaker, and the other 6 were in sinus rhythm. Five of these patients had a combination of 9 associated intracardiac anomalies, namely an atrial septal defect in 2, a ventricular septal defect in 3, pulmonary valve stenosis in 2, and Ebstein’s anomaly of the tricuspid valve in 2. Tricuspid valve regurgitation (2+ to 3+), as assessed by echocardiography, was present in 4 patients.

Eleven age-matched healthy adults underwent the same study protocol and served as controls (mean age, 31 ± 11 years).

Magnetic resonance imaging
Study subjects were placed supine in a 1.5 Tesla MRI scanner (Vision, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with high power gradients. Electrocardiogram triggered T1-weighted turbo spin echo axial images were acquired, followed by four-chamber views of the heart. An electrocardiogram-triggered, ultrafast, breath-hold gradient-echo cine sequence with the following measurements: repetition time = R-R interval; time of echo = 4.8 ms; slice thickness, 10 mm; imaging matrix = 256 x 256; field of view = 350 mm; lip angle = 20° was then used to acquire images in the short axis plane in contiguous 10 mm slices. End-systolic volumes and end-diastolic volumes were calculated from this multi-slice, multiphase image set. Velocity maps were acquired with a flip angle of 30°, Time to Echo = 5.0 ms, slice thickness = 6 mm, field of view = 320 mm, and imaging matrix = 256 x 256, velocity encoding = 250 cm per second. The MRI protocol was repeated during dobutamine infusion with an initial dose of 5 µg per kg per minute. The infusion rate was increased by 5 µg per kg per minute every 3 minutes to a maximum of 15 µg per kg per minute. The MRI protocol during the dobutamine study started 3 minutes after the maximum dose. During each MRI measurement, the electrocardiogram, heart rate, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures were monitored.

Image analysis
A Unix workstation (Sun Microsystems, Palo Alto, CA) was used for analysis of the MR images. The MASS image analysis software (Medis, Leiden, The Netherlands) was used to display multi-slice, multiphase images, both individually and in a movie loop mode. Frames for end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were determined by manual outlining of a midventricular slice. Papillary muscles and the moderator band were not included in the ventricular volume. The enclosed RV and left ventricle cross-sectional areas were measured by computer, multiplied by section thickness, and summed up according to Simpson’s rule to provide RV and left ventricle volumes.

Calculations
Stroke volume was defined as end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume. The RV ejection fraction was calculated as stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume. The dobutamine stress values were calculated as a percentage increase from values at rest. All volumetric measurements were corrected for body surface area.

Statistical analysis
Differences between groups were compared with the unpaired t test. The effects of dobutamine within groups were compared with the paired t test. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.


   Results
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
Comment
 Acknowledgments
 References
 
All patients tolerated and completed the protocol. Details of results are given in Table 1.


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  		Table 1. Effects of Dobutamine Stressa

 
At rest and at dobutamine stress, heart rate was comparable between patients with physiologic repair, unoperated patients with CCTGA, and controls. Mean arterial blood pressure was similar among all three groups at rest, but remained lower in unoperated CCTGA patients at stress, as compared with controls. While assessing systemic ventricles, the right ventricle of patients with CCTGA, unoperated or after physiologic repair, was compared with the systemic left ventricle of controls. Baseline mean systemic ventricular end-diastolic volumes were larger in the physiologically repaired group per body surface area compared with controls. After dobutamine infusion, there was no significant difference in end-diastolic volumes between the three groups (Fig 1). At rest the indexed mean systemic ventricle end-systolic volume was similar among unoperated and controls, but larger with dobutamine stress in unoperated patients as compared with controls. Mean systemic ventricle end-systolic volume was significantly larger in the physiologically repaired group, both at rest and with dobutamine stress, as compared with controls. Mean systemic ventricular ejection fraction was lower at base line (p < 0.002) and at stress (p < 0.001) in physiologically repaired patients as compared with controls. Base line mean systemic ventricular ejection fraction was similar in unoperated patients as compared with controls, but was lower after dobutamine stress (p < 0.005). Mean indexed systemic ventricular stroke volume and cardiac index were similar at baseline values among the three groups, and increased appropriately during dobutamine infusion (Figs 2, 3).



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  		Fig 1. Variation of systemic ventricular end-diastolic volume (SVEDV) between baseline values and after dobutamine stress. (ns = not significant; PHYS = physiologically repaired; UN = unoperated.)

 


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  		Fig 2. Variations in percentage between baseline values (0) and after dobutamine stress testing. (BP = blood pressure; CI = cardiac index; EDV = end-diastolic volume; EF = ejection fraction; ESV = end-systolic volume; HR = heart rate; PHYS = physiologically repaired; SV = systemic ventricle; SV sv = systemic ventricle stroke volume; UN = unoperated.)

 


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  		Fig 3. Variation of cardiac index between baseline values and after dobutamine stress. (PHYS = physiologically repaired; UN = unoperated.)

 

   Comment
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Comment
Acknowledgments
 References
 
This is the first study to evaluate cardiac reserve in patients with congenitally corrected transposition, either without previous operations or after physiologic repair, using stress dobutamine MRI. The MRI dobutamine provides for an accurate and reproducible quantitative assessment of RV volumes and function, and its routine use in the follow-up of patients with RV overload has been validated [13–15] to detect right ventricular dilation, or impending failure, or both. Disadvantages include the cost and the general contraindications to MRI, namely the presence of metal implants, claustrophobia, and arrhythmia [13–15].

Assuming that the perfect result after anatomic repair entails normalization of systemic left ventricular function and reserve, the left ventricle of healthy controls was used to compare with the systemic RV of CCTGA patients. In our study, the systemic right ventricle of asymptomatic adults with unoperated CCTGA showed similar ejection fraction at rest, and lesser values at stress, compared with the systemic left ventricle of age-matched healthy controls. Suboptimal results were noted in patients after physiologic repair. In these patients, both at baseline and at stress testing, we found larger systemic ventricular end-systolic volumes. Also, baseline systemic ventricular end-diastolic volumes were larger after physiologic repair, compared with controls. As a snapshot value, the significance of this is unknown and difficult to interpret. Is this the result of surgical insult to the right ventricle, the result of long-standing volume overload of the RV, or the normal response of a morphologic right ventricle when chronically faced with systemic pressures? Furthermore, what are the true implications of these morphometric deviations in light of an apparent proper response to effort? Indeed, with stress testing, we found cardiac index to increase appropriately in both subsets of patients with CCTGA, without undue increase in heart rate or mean blood pressure, as compared with controls.

Symptomatic patients with CCTGA were originally treated with a combination of surgical procedures, either palliative or corrective, known as the "classic" or physiologic repair of CCTGA, leaving the right ventricle and tricuspid valve in the systemic circulation. In general, the results of physiologic repair have been disappointing, despite an acceptable operative mortality rate of 2% to 15% [1, 8–10, 16, 17]. In a 40-year review from the Toronto Hospital for Sick Children, including 118 patients having undergone a physiologic repair for CCTGA, Yeh and colleagues [8] reported a 6% operative mortality. However, 10 years after repair, survival was only 74%, and at 20 years it was an unsatisfactory 48% [8]. Termignon and colleagues [16] reported an even more concerning 55% survival rate at 10 years, when obstruction to the pulmonary ventricle was associated. Major concerns with physiologic repair include the nonnegligible incidence of complete heart block (14% to 38%) [8, 10, 16, 18] and the frequent need for reoperation on the tricuspid valve (Fig 4), but more importantly, the long-term failure of the right ventricle, which must chronically sustain systemic pressures.



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  		Fig 4. Gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging at rest. End-diastolic 4-chamber view of a patient with physiologically repaired congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. (LV = left ventricle; RV = right ventricle; TP = tricuspid valve prosthesis.)

 
These imperfections led to the development of the anatomic repair concept, combining an atrial and arterial switch, also known as the double switch, or an atrial switch with a Rastelli procedure in patients with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction [19]. The current operative mortality after anatomic repair varies between 0% to 15% [6, 11, 12, 19–22]. However, anatomic repair is not exempt of its own set of complications, and increasing concern is present as to the long-term development of atrial dysrhythmias and venoatrial obstructions, which are well-documented after the atrial switch procedures [6, 12, 19, 21, 22]. Furthermore, certain timing issues remain unanswered. The proponents of the anatomic repair insist on the better outcome of the procedure when it is performed in a younger age group, namely before 15 to 16 years of age [6, 11]. This presumably relates to the degree to which the left ventricle may be retrained as the neosystemic ventricle by pulmonary artery banding [11]. Indeed, older patients have higher early and late mortality when submitted to the anatomic repair protocol, and the results of left ventricle retraining have been more uncertain when performed after the age of 15 years [11].

The driving impetus towards the development of the anatomic repair of CCTGA stems from the preformed concept that a left ventricle, with or without retraining, will ultimately perform better in the systemic circulation than the right ventricle. However, there is no long-term data to support this [6, 12, 23]. In a series of 27 patients undergoing anatomic repair without early or late mortality, Imamura and colleagues [20] reported normal postoperative ejection fractions of both left and right ventricles, as assessed by echocardiography at the time of hospital discharge without further follow-up. Imai and colleagues [6] reported an operative mortality of 7.9% in a series of 76 patients with CCTGA who underwent anatomic repair at less than 16 years of age. At a mean postoperative follow-up of 4.9 years, they actually observed a slight decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction, no increase in RV ejection fraction, and unchanged left ventricular end-diastolic volumes [6]. Yagihara and colleagues [22] found subnormal postoperative left ventricular ejection fractions as assessed by cardiac catheterization, at a mean follow-up of 11 months after anatomic repair in their series of 10 patients.

Frequent failure of the right ventricle to chronically function as a systemic ventricle is another driving force to promote anatomic repair. However, findings across the literature differ, and multiple reports of normal adult survival without limitation to effort or arrhythmia exist, in unoperated CCTGA without associated intracardiac anomalies (Fig 5) [2, 7, 24, 25]. Peterson and colleagues [4] compared 17 children after atrial baffle procedures for complete transposition of the great arteries, with 8 unoperated patients with uncomplicated CCTGA, and 10 normal controls. Using radionuclide angiocardiography, stress testing revealed a normal increase in pulmonary ventricular ejection fraction in patients with CCTGA, as compared with controls. However, the systemic ventricles of patients with CCTGA did not significantly increase their ejection fractions with exercise, and both end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were larger than controls. Cardiac index augmented appropriately in all groups, mainly because of an increase in heart rate in the CCTGA group [4]. In accordance with these findings, Parrish and colleagues [5] found subnormal increases in right and left ventricular ejection fractions in response to an effort in 5 children with CCTGA, although their exercise capacity, heart rate, and blood pressure responded appropriately. Supporting our findings, Benson and colleagues [3] found normal systemic right ventricular ejection fractions at exercise in 8 patients with uncomplicated and unoperated CCTGA, whereas the function of the pulmonary ventricle was subnormal. In their study using radionuclide angiocardiography, end-diastolic and systolic volumes of the systemic right ventricle decreased appropriately from rest to exercise [3].



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  		Fig 5. Gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging at rest. End-diastolic 4-chamber view of a patient with unoperated congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Note the convex interventricular septum toward the left ventricle. (LV = left ventricle; RV = right ventricle.)

 
Surgery is inevitable and clearly warranted in one form or another for symptomatic patients presenting in failure or cyanosis. In patients with associated intracardiac anomalies, such as pulmonary valve stenosis, Ebstein’s malformation with severe insufficiency of the tricuspid valve, or important degrees of intracardiac shunting, early right ventricular dilation and failure occurs, indicating early surgical intervention. For these patients, we acknowledge the anatomic repair as the surgical procedure of choice [6, 11, 12, 17, 20–22]. However, we question the recommendation for anatomic repair in asymptomatic patients by some [6, 12, 17], based on echocardiographic evidence of an enlarged right ventricle and tricuspid valve insufficiency. Our findings and other evidence of satisfactory long-term RV function in unoperated adults with CCTGA [3, 7, 24, 25] would suggest a more conservative attitude in the management of asymptomatic patients, which includes patients with and without associated lesions. Although it is intuitive and generally agreed that asymptomatic patients with CCTGA and intact ventricular septum require no surgery, they represent a minority. Given the potential complications of both surgical pathways and the relative unfavorable long-term outcome of physiologic repair, we make a case for surgical abstinence even in CCTGA patients with associated lesions. Indeed, 5 out of 7 of our studied patients with unoperated CCTGA have intracardiac anomalies, but are otherwise asymptomatic, without medication, have near normal ventricular volumes, and respond appropriately to stress testing.

In conclusion, defining the eventual subsets of patients with CCTGA who may never require an operation is of paramount clinical importance. With current diagnostic modalities, no such definition exists, and the therapeutic dilemma persists. Even respectable centers with a larger experience of the anatomic repair provide no long-term follow-up data to demonstrate improved systemic left ventricular function postoperatively [6, 11]. Accordingly, the open-ended question remains as to the true benefit and age cutoff to perform an anatomic repair in asymptomatic patients with CCTGA. Robust evidence is needed before more CCTGA patients with normally functioning right ventricles are enrolled in anatomic repair protocols. In those asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients, the use of a noninvasive follow-up modality, such as MRI dobutamine stress, could help to define morphologic and hemodynamic criteria justifying nonoperative management. As a corollary, deviations from these criteria, especially in asymptomatic patients, could serve as an early indicator of impending cardiac failure, and indicate timely surgical intervention, preferably in the form of anatomic repair.

Study limitations
Our ongoing MRI dobutamine stress protocol strives to define noninvasive criteria, whereby asymptomatic patients with CCTGA may be judged as not requiring operations, or on the contrary, as impending failures and candidates for timely anatomic repair. The small number of patients diminishes statistical power, which limits the significance of our results, and does not allow yet for a clear-cut management protocol according to the sought after criteria. To date, perhaps by unfortunate serendipity, we have had no patients enrolled who either presented initially with normal values, which then degraded over time, or presented in failure with highly abnormal MRI dobutamine stress values. These findings would strengthen the definitions of "normality" and deviations therefrom.

Using the left ventricle of healthy controls as a measuring stick to compare with the RV of patients with CCTGA is a potential weakness of the study. Although the two respective ventricles perform the same function in each group, their intrinsic morphology and geometry are clearly different.

As a group, patients with CCTGA present with a wide variety of morphology and resulting physiology, making generalizations and recommendations across such a heterogenous group hazardous. Owing to unfavorable anatomy and physiology in many instances, we fully recognize that anatomic repair is often inevitable and indicated. Our data only illustrates and quantifies the potential for a morphologic right ventricle to sustain the systemic circulation, even in the presence of associated intracardiac lesions. This view is supported by other reports, which show normal exercise tolerance and quality of life, in asymptomatic and unoperated adults with CCTGA [2, 3, 7, 24].


   Acknowledgments
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Comment
 Acknowledgments
References
 
Doctor Tulevski is supported by The Netherlands Heart Foundation (NHS) and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands (ICIN-KNAW).


   References
Top
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Patients and methods
 Results
 Comment
 Acknowledgments
 References
 

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