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Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:691-692
© 2002 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
a Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
* Address reprint requests to Dr Elefteriades, Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 121 FMB, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
e-mail: john.elefteriades{at}yale.edu
Historical
1. Sarnoff S.J., Hardenberg E., Whittenberger J.L. Electrophrenic respiration. Am J Physiol 1948;155:1-9.
2. Sarnoff S.J., Mloney J.V., Sarnoff F.C., Ferris B.G., Whittenberger J.L. Electrophrenic respiration in acute bulbar poliomyelitis. JAMA 1950;143:1383-1390.
3. Glenn W.W.L., Hageman J.H., Mauro A., Eisenberg M.E.E., Flanigan S., Harvard M. Electrical stimulation of excitable tissue by radiofrequency transmission. Ann Surg 1964;160:338-350.[Medline]
4. Glenn W.W., Holcomb W.G., Gee J.B., Rath R. Central hypoventilation: long-term ventilation assistance by radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration. Ann Surg 1970;172:755-773.[Medline]
5. Glenn W.W., Holcomb W.G., McLaughlin A.J., O’Hare J.M., Hogan J.F., Yasuda R. Total ventilatory support in a quadriplegic patient with radiofrequency electrophrenic respiration. N Engl J Med 1972;286:513-516.
6. Glenn W.W., Holcomb W.G., Shaw R.K., Hogan J.F., Holschuh K.R. Long-term ventilatory support by diaphragm pacing in quadriplegia. Ann Surg 1976;183:566-577.[Medline]
Laboratory and physiology studies
7. Sato G., Glenn W.W., Holcomb W.B., Wuench D. Further experience with electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve: electrically induced fatigue. Surgery 1970;68:817-826.[Medline]
8. Kim J.H., Manuelidis E.E., Glenn W.W., Kaneyuki T. Diaphragm pacing: histopathological changes in the phrenic nerve following long-term electrical stimulation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976;72:602-608.[Abstract]
9. Satoh I., Kaneyuki T., Fujii Y., Hogan J.F., Holcomb W.G., Glenn W.W. Totally implantable diaphragm pacemaker: experimental studies. Surg Forum 1976;27:290-293.[Medline]
10. Kaneyuki T., Hogan J.F., Glenn W.W., Holcomb W.G. Diaphragm pacing: evaluation of current waveforms for effective ventilation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977;74:109-115.[Abstract]
11. Satoh I., Hogan J.F., Glenn W.W., Fujii Y. A demand diaphragm pacemaker. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1977;23:456-463.[Medline]
12. Ciesielski T.E., Fukuda Y., Glenn W.W., Gorfien J., Jeffery K., Hogan J.F. Response of the diaphragm muscle to electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve: a histochemical and ultrastructural study. J Neurosurg 1983;58:92-100.[Medline]
13. Hogan J.F., Koda H., Glenn W.W. Electrical techniques for stimulation of the phrenic nerve to pace the diaphragm: inductive coupling and battery powered total implant in asynchronous and demand modes. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1989;12:847-853.[Medline]
14. Marzocchi M., Brouillette R.T., Klemka-Walden L.M., et al. Effects of continuous low-frequency pacing on immature canine diaphragm. J Appl Physiol 1990;69:892-898.
15. Letsou G.V., Hogen J.F., Lee P., et al. Comparison of 180-degree, and 360 degree skeletal muscle nerve cuff electrodes. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:925-931.[Abstract]
Phrenic nerve assessment
16. Sarnoff S.J., Sarnoff L.C., Whittenberger J.L. Electrophrenic respiration: the motor point of the phrenic nerve in relation to external stimulation. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1951;93:190-196.
17. Glenn W.W.L., Gee J.B., Schachter E.N. Diaphragm pacing: application to a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1978;75:273-281.[Abstract]
18. Shaw R.K., Glenn W.W., Hogan J.F., Phelps M.L. Clinical evaluation of phrenic nerve conduction. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1979;25:362-365.[Medline]
19. Shaw R.K., Glenn W.W., Hogan J.F., Phelps M.L. Electrophysiological evaluation of phrenic nerve function in candidates for diaphragm pacing. J Neurosurg 1980;53:345-354.[Medline]
20. Mills G.H., Kyroussis D., Hamnegard C.H., Wragg S., Moxham J., Green M. Unilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Thorax 1995;50:1162-1172.
21. Similowski T., Straus C., Attali V., Duguet A., Jourdain B., Derenne J.P. Assessment of the motor pathway to the diaphragm using cortical and cervical magnetic stimulation in the decision-making process of phrenic pacing. Chest 1996;110:1551-1557.
22. Hamnegard C.H., Wragg S.D., Mills G.H., et al. Clinical assessment of diaphragm strength by cervical magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Thorax 1996;51:1239-1242.
23. Luo Y.M., Polkey M.I., Johnson L.C., et al. Diaphragm EMG measured by cervical magnetic, and electrical phrenic nerve stimulation. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:2089-2099.
Clinical series
24. McMichan J.C., Piepgras D.G., Gracey D.R., Marsh H.M., Sittipong R. Electrophrenic respiration: report of six cases. Mayo Clin Proc 1979;54:662-668.[Medline]
25. Fodstad H., Blom S., Linderholm H. Artificial respiration by phrenic nerve stimulation (diaphragm pacing) in patients with cervical cord and brainstem lesions. Scand J Rehabil Med 1983;15:173-181.[Medline]
26. Glenn W.W., Hogan J.F., Loke J.S., Ciesielski T.E., Phelps M.L., Rowedder R. Ventilatory support by pacing of the conditioned diaphragm in quadriplegia. N Engl J Med 1984;310:1150-1155.[Abstract]
27. Glenn W.W.L., Phelps M.L., Elefteriades J.A., Dentz B., Hogan J.F. Twenty years of experience in phrenic nerve stimulation to pace the diaphragm. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1986;9:780-784.[Medline]
28. Carter R.E., Donovan W.H., Halstead L., Wilkerson M.A. Comparative study of electrophrenic nerve stimulation and mechanical ventilatory support in traumatic spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1987;25:86-91.[Medline]
29. Glenn W.W., Brouillette R.T., Dentz B., et al. Fundamental considerations in pacing of the diaphragm for chronic ventilatory insufficiency: a multi-center study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988;11:2121-2127.[Medline]
30. Fodstad H. Pacing of the diaphragm to control breathing in patients with paralysis of the central nervous system origin. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 1989;53:209-222.[Medline]
31. Baer G.A., Talonen P.P., Shneerson J.M., Markkula H., Exner G., Wells F.C. Phrenic nerve stimulation for central ventilatory failure with bipolar and four-pole electrode systems. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1990;13:1061-1072.[Medline]
32. Baer G.A., Talonen P.P., Hakkinen V., Exner G., Yrjola H. Phrenic nerve stimulation in tetraplegia: a new regimen to condition the diaphragm for full-time respiration. Scand J Rehabil Med 1990;22:107-111.[Medline]
33. Elefteriades J.A., Hogan J.F., Handler A., Loke J.S. Long-term follow-up of bilateral pacing of the diaphragm in quadriplegia. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1433-1434.[Medline]
34. Mayr W., Bijak M., Girsch W., et al. Multichannel stimulation of phrenic nerves by epineural electrodes: clinical experience and future developments. ASAIO J 1993;39:M729-M735.[Medline]
35. Weese-Mayer D.E., Silvestri J.M., Kenny A.S., et al. Diaphragm pacing with a quadripolar phrenic nerve electrode: an international study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996;19:1311-1319.[Medline]
Diaphragm pacing in children
36. Ilbawi M.N., Hunt C.E., DeLeon S.Y., Idriss F.S. Diaphragm pacing in infants and children: report of a simplified technique and review of experience. Ann Thorac Surg 1981;31:61-65.[Abstract]
37. Brouillette R.T., Ilbawi M.N., Hunt C.E. Phrenic nerve pacing in infants and children: a review of experience and report on the usefulness of phrenic nerve stimulation studies. J Pediatr 1983;102:32-39.[Medline]
38. Cahill J.L., Okamoto G.A., Higgins T., Davis A. Experiences with phrenic nerve pacing in children. J Pediatr Surg 1983;18:851-854.[Medline]
39. Ilbawi M.N., Idriss F.S., Hunt C.E., Brouillette R.T., DeLeon S.Y. Diaphragmatic pacing in infants: techniques and results. Ann Thorac Surg 1985;40:323-329.[Abstract]
40. Hunt C.E., Brouillette R.T., Weese-Mayer D.E., Morrow A., Ilbawi M.N. Diaphragm pacing in infants and children. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1988;11:2135-2141.[Medline]
41. Weese-Mayer D.E., Morrow A.S., Brouillette R.T., Ilbawi M.N., Hunt C.E. Diaphragm pacing in infants and children: a life-table analysis of implanted components. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:974-979.[Medline]
42. Russell R.I., Mulvey D., Laroche C., Shinebourne E.A., Green M. Bedside assessment of phrenic nerve function in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:143-147.[Abstract]
43. Weese-Mayer D.E., Hunt C.E., Brouillette R.T., Silvestri J.M. Diaphragm pacing in infants and children. J Pediatr 1992;120:1-8.[Medline]
44. Brouillette R.T., Marzocchi M. Diaphragm pacing: clinical and experimental results. Biol Neonate 1994;65:254-271.
45. Flageole H., Adolph V.R., Davis G.M., Laberge J.M., Nguyen L.T., Guttman F.M. Diaphragmatic pacing in children with congenital central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome. Surgery 1995;118:25-28.[Medline]
46. Girsch W., Koller R., Holle J., Bijak M., Lanmuller H., Mayr W. Vienna phrenic pacemaker—experience with diaphragm pacing in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1996;6:140-143.[Medline]
Chapters and reviews
47. Glenn W.W. The treatment of respiratory paralysis by diaphragm pacing. Ann Thorac Surg 1980;30:106-109.[Medline]
48. Glenn W.W., Phelps M.L. Diaphragm pacing by electrical stimulation of the phrenic nerve. Neurosurgery 1985;17:974-984.[Medline]
49. Pattison F.L.M. The Clysdale experiments: an early attempt at resuscitation. Scott Med J 1986;31:50-52.[Medline]
50. Shneerson J. Sleep apnoeas. In: Shneerson J., ed. Disorders of ventilation. Oxford, England: Blackwell Scientific, 1988:61-77.
51. Nochomovitz M.L., Peterson D.K., Stellato T.A. Electrical activation of the diaphragm. Clin Chest Med 1988;9:349-358.[Medline]
52. Miller J.I., Farmer J.A., Stuart W., Apple D. Phrenic nerve pacing of the quadriplegic patient. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;99:35-39.[Abstract]
53. Moxham J., Shneerson J.M. Diaphragmatic pacing. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:533-536.[Medline]
54. Chervin R.D., Guilleminault C. Diaphragm pacing: review and reassessment. Sleep 1994;17:176-187.[Medline]
55. Fodstad H. Phrenicodiaphragmatic pacing. In: Roussos C., ed. The thorax, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Decker, 1995:2597-2617.
56. Creasey G., Elefteriades J., DiMarco A., et al. Electrical stimulation to restore respiration. J Rehabil Res Dev 1996;33:123-132.[Medline]
57. Elefteriades J.A., Weese-Mayer D.E. The diaphragm: dysfunction and induced pacing. In: Baue A.E., ed. Glenn’s thoracic and cardiovascular surgery, 6th ed. Stamford, CT: Appleton & Lange, 1996:623-642.
58. Chervin R.D., Guilleminault C. Diaphragm pacing for respiratory insufficiency. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997;14:369-377.[Medline]
59. Elefteriades J.A., Quin J.A. Diaphragm pacing. Chest Surg Clin North Am 1998;8:331-357.[Medline]
60. Elefteriades J.A., Quin J.A. Pacing of the diaphragm. In: Shields T.W., LoCicero J., Ponn R., eds. General thoracic surgery, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 2000:623-636.
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