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Ann Thorac Surg 1998;65:48-53
© 1998 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

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Original Articles: Cardiovascular

Demonstration of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Separate From Postoperative Infarction in Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patients

Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands,
Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands

Accepted for publication June 25, 1997.

Dr Maessen, Department of Cardiopulmonary Surgery, Academic Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, 6202 AZ Maastricht, the Netherlands (e-mail: jma@scpc.azm.nl).

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Results Comment Acknowledgments References

 
Background. In patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting there are two possible causes of myocardial injury: (1) global ischemic myocardial injury during aortic cross-clamping and subsequent reperfusion, and (2) postoperative myocardial infarction. We studied the use of cardiac marker proteins to specifically and separately detect such injury.

Methods. Serum levels of enzymes (creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB) and nonenzymatic proteins (fatty acid-binding protein and myoglobin) were measured in 8 low-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass, 8 low-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting without cardiopulmonary bypass, and 39 high-risk patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass, of whom 7 experienced a postoperative myocardial infarction.

Results. At 0.5 hours after reperfusion significantly increased plasma levels of all markers were noted in patients having the operation with cardiopulmonary bypass, but not in patients having the operation without cardiopulmonary bypass. In patients who had a postoperative myocardial infarction, a second significant increase of each marker was found, but that of fatty acid-binding protein was recorded 4 hours earlier than that of creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, or myoglobin.

Conclusions. Perioperative myocardial injury can be diagnosed from the release of cardiac marker proteins into plasma already at 0.5 hours after the start of reperfusion. For early assessment of postoperative myocardial infarction, fatty acid-binding protein is a more suitable plasma marker than are creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, or myoglobin.

	Introduction

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In patients having a cardiac operation the assessment of possible myocardial tissue loss from the activity of cardiac enzymes in plasma is well accepted, both for early diagnosis of postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) and for estimation of the extent of infarction [1]. Large clinical trials commonly present peak levels of serum enzymes to express the extent of myocardial damage in evaluating surgical morbidity [2]. However, the surgical procedure limits the accuracy of enzymatic diagnosis of postoperative MI in these patients. First, a distinction as to whether the enzymes originate from cardiac or noncardiac muscle often cannot be made. Second, the release features of the enzymes currently in use, such as creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and aspartate amino-transferase, allow definite diagnosis of MI no earlier than about 12 hours after the operation [1]. Finally, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and global ischemia (aortic cross-clamping) already may elicit myocardial tissue loss, which may be difficult to differentiate from additional myocardial injury as a result of local infarction.

The aims of the present study were to verify (1) whether global ischemia and reperfusion, as occurring in patients having coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with use of CPB and aortic cross-clamping, results in early myocardial injury detectable from increased plasma levels of cardiac proteins and (2) whether, like in patients having an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), the use of more rapidly released and more cardiospecific markers allows an earlier diagnosis of possible postoperative MI. For this, we retrospectively compared the release into plasma of enzymes and of the small cytosolic proteins heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (FABP, 15 kDa) [3] and myoglobin (17 kDa) [4][5] in different groups of patients undergoing CABG. For the first aim, we studied the release of these enzymes and markers in low-risk patients having CABG either with or without CPB and aortic cross-clamping. For the second aim, we studied patients having CABG with CPB and aortic cross-clamping who were at high risk for having a postoperative MI.

The results of the present study show that cardiac marker protein release can be used to determine myocardial tissue loss caused by the surgical procedure, and to discriminate this from tissue loss caused by postoperative MI. Furthermore, the use of FABP allows an earlier diagnosis of postoperative MI than do CK, CK-MB, and myoglobin.

	Material and Methods

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Patients
Sixteen adult low-risk patients undergoing elective CABG with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB group and non-CPB group, respectively), were enrolled (eight in each group). Patients in the non-CPB group all had single-graft surgical procedures. Furthermore, 39 adult high-risk patients undergoing elective CABG were enrolled. These patients were classified as having a high risk for the development of postoperative MI based on the following criteria: left ventricular ejection fraction less than or equal to 0.30, high-dose inotropic support (greater than 7 µg · kg^-1 · min^-1 dopamine or dobutamine), or preoperative use of an intraaortic balloon pump. Age boundaries were set between 30 and 80 years. Exclusion criteria were (1) preoperative infarction or ongoing infarction, (2) treatment with fibrinolytics within 48 hours before the operation, (3) hepatic disease as indicated by aspartate transaminase and alanine aminotransferase levels of more than two times the upper limit of normal, or by bilirubin levels of more than 1.5 times the upper limit of normal, and (4) severe coagulation abnormalities. Of these high-risk patients 32 did not experience a postoperative MI (non-MI group), whereas 7 did (MI group). All subjects gave written informed consent for the study. The study was approved by the local ethical and research council.

Intraoperative Patient Management
Standard anesthetic agents (lorazepam, fentanyl citrate, sufentanil citrate, alfentanil hydrochloride, midazolam hydrochloride, pancuronium bromide) and monitoring techniques (electrocardiogram, arterial and central venous or pulmonary pressure monitoring, urinary output, rectal and skin temperature monitoring) were used in all patients. Before connection of the extracorporeal circuit for CPB, heparin was administered (300 IU/kg, Heparin Leo; Leo Pharmaceutical Products BV, Weesp, the Netherlands) to achieve an activated coagulation time greater than 480 seconds (Hemochron 400; International Technidyne Corp, Edison, NJ). Specifications of the extracorporeal circulation circuit, CPB procedures, and surgical procedures have been described previously [6]. In non-CPB patients, after median sternotomy, coronary grafting was performed on a beating, normothermic heart. To dampen the movement of the beating heart and consequently isolate the region for anastomosis, a custom-made, U-shaped stabilizer was used. Through its shaft, the stabilizer was attached to a slightly adjusted sternal retractor. Using vessel loops, a segmentary occlusion of the coronary artery to a length of approximately 2.5 cm was used to control bleeding from the coronary artery during the anastomotic procedure. Postoperative patient treatment in the coronary care unit was standardized and similar for all groups. None of the patients received thrombolytic agents.

Blood Sampling
Blood samples in the CPB group were taken on induction of anesthesia, at the start of aortic clamping, at the end of aortic clamping (start of reperfusion) and 0.5, 1.5, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours thereafter. In the non-CPB group, samples were taken on induction of anesthesia and 0.5, 1.5, 4, 8, 12, and 18 hours after unclamping the internal mammary artery (in one patient after unclamping the venous graft) (start of reperfusion). In the non-MI and MI group, blood samples were taken at the same time points as in the CPB group. All samples were collected in Corvac integrated serum separator tubes (10 mL, Corvac; Sherwood Medical, St. Louis, MO). Immediately after sampling, blood was cooled and routinely centrifuged, and serum samples were stored at -80°C until assay.

Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
Diagnosis of postoperative MI was established by a blinded cardiologist who compared a preoperative with three postoperative electrocardiograms, obtained up to 24 hours after the operation. The electrocardiograms were screened for new persistent Q waves and ST-segment deviations (1 mm ST-segment elevation in 2 limb leads or 2 mm ST-segment elevation in 2 precordial leads).

Analytical Techniques
The activities of CK and CK-MB were measured spectrophotometrically at 25°C in a centrifugal analyzer (Cobas Bio Systems; Hoffmann La Roche, Basel, Switzerland) with commercially available test kits. The CK-MB assay is based on immunoinhibition of the predominant M unit in creatine kinase (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany). Serum FABP concentration was measured with a sensitive noncompetitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of the antigen capture type (sandwich ELISA) [7]. Serum myoglobin was measured with a turbidimetric immunoassay (Unimate 3 MYO; Roche Diagnostics Systems, Basel, Switzerland) on a Cobas Mira Plus analyzer (Roche).

Data Analysis
All data are presented as mean ± standard error. Students’ t test for independent samples was used for comparisons between two variables at the same time point. A Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test was used for comparisons of values from one variable between two time points. A ² test was used to test nonnumeric variables. The level of significance was set at p less than 0.05.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Results Comment Acknowledgments References

 
Clinical Characteristics
The perioperative characteristics of all patients are shown in Table 1. Patient characteristics were similar in each group, except for age, number of grafts, preoperative urea, and postoperative creatinine level, each of which were lower in non-CPB patients. The lower age and fewer number of grafts in these patients are explained by the fact they had single-vessel disease, which is usually seen at a younger age. The lower mean preoperative urea and postoperative creatinine concentrations in non-CPB patients, compared with CPB patients, also relate to their lower age; however, both mean values are within normal range. Therefore, there is no indication for renal insufficiency in either patient group.

Serum Enzymes and Proteins in Low-Risk Patients
In the CPB group, serum levels of all markers tested increased rapidly during the early postoperative phase whereas there was virtually no such increase in the non-CPB group (Fig 1, panels A1 to D1). The presence of early myocardial injury in the CPB group, as opposed to the non-CPB group, is apparent from a very rapid and brief release of FABP and myoglobin, both proteins showing maximal concentrations at 0.5 hours after reperfusion (42 and 287 µg/L, respectively). The other two markers, CK and CK-MB, were also significantly increased within this short time interval, and reached peak concentrations of 127 and 15 U/L, respectively, at 1.5 hours after reperfusion. For CK, and to some extent also for myoglobin, the early postoperative burst of protein release is obscured by subsequent release of these markers from skeletal muscle, as appears from the steady and relatively large postoperative increase of the markers in plasma seen in the non-CPB group.

View larger version (30K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Mean serum concentrations of enzymes and cardiac marker proteins preoperatively (a), at the start of aortic clamping (b) and at 0.5, 1.5, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours after start of reperfusion in low-risk patients who underwent operations with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (white circles; n = 8) or without CPB (black circles; n = 7) (left panels), and in high-risk patients who did (black circles; n = 7) or did not (white circles; n = 32) have a postoperative myocardial infarction (MI) (right panels). In the left panels data from the patient in the non-CPB group who had a postoperative MI are also shown (dashed line). (CK = creatine kinase; CK-MB = creatine kinase isoform MB; FABP = fatty acid-binding protein; Mb = myoglobin; *p < 0.05, white circles versus black circles.)

Serum Enzymes and Proteins in High-Risk Patients
Creatine kinase activities in the non-MI and MI groups each increased above preoperative levels (Table 1) and were similar until 4 hours of reperfusion. From this time point on, postoperative CK activity in the non-MI group remained elevated to a similar extent, whereas the CK activity in the MI group persistently increased until 24 hours of reperfusion, at this time being threefold higher than in the controls (Fig 1, panel A2). Thus, CK levels in the MI group were significantly higher than in the non-MI group from 8 to at least 24 hours of reperfusion. Similarly, CK-MB activities in the non-MI and the MI group each increased until 1.5 hours of reperfusion, and then increased further only in the MI group (Fig 1, panel B2). From 8 to 24 hours of reperfusion CK-MB levels were significantly higher in the MI group (p < 0.05).

Concentrations of FABP and myoglobin also increased until 0.5 hours of reperfusion (Fig 1, panels C2 and D2) in both non-MI and MI patients. In MI patients, FABP and myoglobin concentrations continued to increase, reaching peak levels at 12 hours of reperfusion of 4 (FABP) and 2.5 times (myoglobin) higher compared with non-MI patients. A significant difference in FABP plasma concentrations between non-MI and MI patients was reached at 4 hours of reperfusion, whereas for the other three markers a statistically significant difference was not reached until 8 hours of reperfusion.

For each of the four markers and at all perioperative time points studied, the mean serum activities and concentrations found in CPB patients were not significantly different from those found in non-MI patients. This notion is exemplified for CK and FABP in Fig 2.

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Mean serum activities of creatine kinase (CK) and serum concentrations of fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) preoperatively (PRE), at the start of aortic clamping (X-ON), and at 0.5, 1.5, and 4 hours after start of reperfusion in patients from the cardiopulmonary bypass group (black circles; n = 8) and from the group who did not have myocardial infarction (white circles; n = 32).

	Comment

Top Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Results Comment Acknowledgments References

At present, "new" cardiac marker proteins (FABP, myoglobin, troponin T) are being applied successfully for early diagnosis in patients with indication of acute MI [8]. Fatty acid-binding protein is a small (15 kDa) cytoplasmic protein involved in intracellular fatty acid transport in myocytes. It is present in a wide variety of tissues, but the highest concentration is found in cardiac muscle tissue in which it comprises 3% to 6% of cytosolic protein [9][10][11]. In rats, FABP was found to be released after ischemia and reperfusion soon after start of reperfusion [12]. Recently, FABP was proposed as an early marker for acute MI [13][14][15][16][17]. Myoglobin, another small (17 kDa) cardiac cytoplasmic protein, was put forward for the same purpose [4][5][18][19], and is also rapidly released after ischemia and reperfusion [20]. Because of its higher cardiac specificity, FABP is preferred over myoglobin for detection of postoperative MI [21][22].

In the present study, non-CPB patients showed no immediate postoperative rise of enzyme activities and cardiac marker protein concentrations in plasma, but only a relatively slow increase during 24 hours of reperfusion. Maximal increases were 13.5, 9.3, 6.4, and 2.7 times the preoperative concentration for CK, myoglobin, CK-MB, and FABP, respectively, reflecting differences in tissue protein contents, their elimination rates from plasma and involvement of skeletal muscle injury [20][21][22]. In CPB patients, all markers showed a much faster increase, especially during the first 1.5 hours after reperfusion. In these patients, at 0.5 hours after aortic unclamping levels of all markers studied were significantly higher than in non-CPB patients. These data indicate that the use of CPB in combination with aortic clamping during CABG elicits ischemia-reperfusion injury, which can be estimated soon after aortic unclamping and equally well with any of the four plasma markers studied.

This early increase was also shown in both the non-MI and MI patients but, in addition, MI patients showed a second increase in plasma enzyme activities and cardiac marker protein concentrations, indicating additional myocardial injury. Although this second increase was observed for all markers, a significant difference between MI and non-MI patients was first seen at 4 hours after reperfusion in FABP, but for the other three markers this was not significant until 8 hours after reperfusion. Thus, all markers allow the differentiation between MI and non-MI patients, but FABP measurements enable postoperative MI to be diagnosed earlier than do the other markers.

Mechanisms of Enzyme and Protein Release and Elimination After Myocardial Injury
Enzyme levels, as well as marker protein concentrations in serum, already showed some increase during aortic clamping (global ischemia) in all patients having operations with use of CPB. Because the coronary circulation is isolated from the rest of the body during aortic clamping, this indicates some transport of enzymes and myocardial marker proteins by the lymphatic system during aortic clamping. During the first half hour of subsequent reperfusion, a simultaneous increase in serum levels of all markers was observed. Apparently, molecular size did not influence the appearance of markers in plasma, suggesting significantly increased lymph flow early after reperfusion, as was also found in isolated rat hearts [23][24].

In contrast, nonsimultaneous release of marker proteins was observed in patients having postoperative MI, indicating faster intravasation of the small proteins FABP and myoglobin than of the larger enzymes CK and CK-MB, similar to the route of protein transport to the circulation during acute MI [13]. Based on these data, the protein permeability of the endothelial barrier seems to be normalized early after the operation.

Concluding Remarks
This study shows that measuring activities of CK and CK-MB and concentrations of FABP and myoglobin in plasma of CABG patients enables estimation of the extent of myocardial injury as a result of the surgical procedure as soon as 0.5 hours after reperfusion. Furthermore, FABP measurements allow detection of postoperative MI within 4 hours after reperfusion.

The kidney plays a dominant role in the rapid disappearance of both myoglobin and FABP from plasma [5][25][26]. Renal handling of FABP and myoglobin is affected by several factors, such as renal blood flow, perfusion pressure, glomerular filtration, and tubular reabsorption. Therefore, to exclude false-positive conclusions regarding MI because of renal failure, we used preoperative and postoperative serum levels of urea and creatinine as indices of renal function. Because all levels were in normal range, there are no signs of renal malfunction in the patients studied. However, FABP and myoglobin measurements as a diagnostic marker for postoperative MI in cardiac surgical patients with severe renal failure (eg, acute tubular necrosis) could lead to false conclusions.

For the early diagnosis of postoperative MI with FABP, a rapid assay system is a prerequisite to fully benefit from its rapid release and clearance features. Now that analytical techniques for bedside determinations of FABP are available [27], FABP measurements may become an important tool for diagnosing perioperative myocardial damage. In cardiac surgical clinical practice this means that one does not have to wait until 12 hours after the operation before MI can be diagnosed [1]. Consequently, in view of present fast-track programs, postoperative treatment of cardiac surgical patients could be improved, for instance by earlier weaning from intraaortic balloon pump, earlier transportation to the ward, and eventually earlier discharge. Future studies should focus on determining threshold levels for FABP, so that with bedside analysis of this cardiac marker protein an appropriate diagnosis of postoperative MI can be made.

	Acknowledgments

Top Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Results Comment Acknowledgments References

 
We thank the employees of the Cardiosurgical Care Unit of the Academic Hospital Maastricht for collecting blood samples. We also thank Maurice Pelsers and Marie-Louise Bouwmans for expert technical assistance and Roche Diagnostic Systems (Basel, Switzerland) for providing the myoglobin test kits. Jan F. C. Glatz is an Established Investigator of the Netherlands Heart Foundation.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Material and Methods Results Comment Acknowledgments References

 

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Add to Personal Folders Download to citation manager Author home page(s): Jos G. Maessen Permission Requests Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Fransen, E. J. Articles by Glatz, J. F. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Fransen, E. J. Articles by Glatz, J. F. C.