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Ann Thorac Surg 1995;59:253-254
© 1995 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Key References

Update in Myocardial Protection

W. Randolph Chitwood, Jr, MD, Christopher L. Wixon, MD

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, North Carolina

Test, test, test.

Footnotes

A more comprehensive list of key references on myocardial protection may be obtained from the authors.

Address reprint requests to Dr Chitwood, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Greenville, NC 27858.

Monographs

  1. Roberts AJ, ed. Myocardial protection in cardiac surgery. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1987:1–601.
  2. Chitwood WR Jr, ed. State of the art reviews-myocardial preservation: clinical applications. Philadelphia: Hanley and Belfus, 1988;2:145–405.
  3. Myocardial preservation into the 21st century (International Symposium-Oxford, England). J Mol Cell Cardiol 1990;22(Suppl):S1–49.
  4. Engelman RM, Levitsky SA, eds. Textbook of cardioplegia for difficult clinical problems. Mount Kisco, New York: Futura, 1992:1--334.
Reviews

  1. Silverman NA, Levitsky S. Intraoperative myocardial protection in the context of coronary revascularization. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1987;29:413–28.[Medline]
  2. Hearse DJ. The protection of the ischemic myocardium: surgical success vs clinical failure? Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1988;30:381–402.[Medline]
  3. Wechsler AS, Abd-Elfattah A. Myocardial protection: what the surgeon does. J Cardiac Surg 1990;5(3 Suppl):251–5.[Medline]
  4. Barner HB. Blood cardioplegia: a review and comparison with crystalloid cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52: 1354–67.[Abstract]
  5. Buckberg GD. Myocardial protection: an overview. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;5:98–106. [Entire issue (pp 97–176) dedicated to myocardial protection.][Medline]
  6. Weisel RD. Myocardial protection during surgery for mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. In: David TE, ed. Mechanical complications of myocardial infarction. Austin, TX: R.G. Landes, 1993:121–41.
  7. Vinten-Johansen J, Hammon JW. Myocardial protection during cardiac surgery. In: Gravlee GP, Davis RF, Utley JR, eds. Cardiopulmonary bypass: principles and practice. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993:155–206.
  8. Robinson LA, Schwarz GD, Goddard DB, Fleming WH, Galbraith TA. Myocardial protection for acquired heart disease surgery: results of a national survey. Ann Thorac Surg (in press).
Clinical Studies

  1. Bhayana JN, Kalmbach T, Booth FVM, Mentzer RM, Schimert G. Combined antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia for myocardial protection: a clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;98:956–60.[Abstract]
  2. Menasché P, Subayi J-B, Piwnica A. Retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia for aortic valve operations: a clinical report on 500 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1990;49:556–64.[Abstract]
  3. Christakis GT, Weisel RD, Fremes SE, et al. Coronary bypass grafting in patients with poor left ventricular function. Cardiovascular surgeons of the University of Toronto. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:1083–91.[Abstract]
  4. Fiore AC, Nauheim KS, McBride LR, et al. Aortic valve replacement. Aortic root versus coronary sinus perfusion with blood cardioplegic solution. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:130–7.[Abstract]
  5. Loop FD, Higgins TL, Panda R, Pearce G, Estafanous FG. Myocardial protection during cardiac operations: decreased morbidity and lower cost with blood cardioplegia and coronary sinus perfusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:608–18.[Abstract]
  6. Yau TM, Weisel RD, Mickle DA, et al. Alternative techniques of cardioplegia. Circulation 1992;86(Suppl 5):II-377–84.
  7. Beyersdorf F, Buckberg GD. Myocardial protection in patients with acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;5:125–33.[Medline]
  8. Ihnken K, Morita K, Buckberg GD, et al. The safety of simultaneous arterial and coronary sinus perfusion: experimental background and initial clinical results. J Cardiac Surg 1993;9:15–25.
  9. Martin TD, Craver JM, Gott JP, et al. Prospective, randomized trial of retrograde warm blood cardioplegia: myocardial benefit and neurologic threat. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:298–304.[Abstract]
  10. Menasché P, Troc F, Nguyen A, et al. Retrograde warm blood cardioplegia preserves hypertrophied myocardium: a clinical study. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;57:1429–35.[Abstract]
  11. Pelletier LC, Carrier M, Leclerc Y, Cartier R, Wesolowska E, Solymoss BC. Intermittent antegrade warm versus cold blood cardioplegia: a prospective, randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg 1994;58:41–9.[Abstract]
  12. Ikonomidis JS, Yau TM, Weisel RD, et al. Optimal flow rate for retrograde warm cardioplegia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:510–9.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Teoh KH, Ivanov J, Weisel RD, et al. The surgical management of unstable angina: a clinical trial of warm induction glutamate-aspartate blood cardioplegia for urgent revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg (in press).
Cardioplegia: Retrograde Coronary Sinus

  1. Lust RM, Beggerly CM, Morrison RF, Austin EH, Chitwood WR Jr. Improved protection of chronically inflow-limited myocardium with retrograde coronary sinus cardioplegia. Circulation 1988;78(Suppl 3):217–22.
  2. Gundry SR, Sequiera A, Razzouk AM, McLaughlin JS, Bailey LL. Facile retrograde cardioplegia: transatrial cannulation of the coronary sinus. Ann Thorac Surg 1990;50:882–7.[Abstract]
  3. Chitwood WR Jr. Retrograde cardioplegia: current methods. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;53:352–5.[Abstract]
  4. Gundry SR, Razzouk AJ, Vigesaa RE, Wang N, Bailey LL. Optimal delivery of cardioplegic solutions for ``redo'' operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:896–901.[Abstract]
  5. Gates RN, Laks H, Drinkwater DC, et al. Gross and microvascular distribution of retrograde cardioplegia in explanted human hearts. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:410–6.[Abstract]
Cardioplegia: Combined Antegrade/Retrograde

  1. Buckberg GD. Antegrade/retrograde blood cardioplegia to ensure cardioplegic distribution: operative techniques and objectives. J Cardiac Surg 1989;4:216–38.[Medline]
  2. Partington MT, Acar C, Buckberg GD, Julia PL. Studies of retrograde cardioplegia. II. Advantages of antegrade/retrograde cardioplegia to optimize distribution in jeopardized myocardium. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;97:613–22.[Abstract]
  3. Drinkwater DC, Cushen CK, Laks H, Buckberg GD. The use of combined antegrade-retrograde infusion of blood cardioplegic solution in pediatric patients undergoing heart operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1349–55.[Abstract]
  4. Aldea GS, Hou D, Fonger JD, Shemin RJ. Inhomogeneous and complementary antegrade and retrograde delivery cardioplegic solution in the absence of coronary artery obstruction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:499–504.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
Cardioplegia: Normothermic Blood

  1. Lichtenstein SV, Ashe KA, Dalati HE, Cusimano RJ, Panos A, Slutsky AS. Warm heart surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1991;101:269–74.[Abstract]
  2. Salerno TA, Houck JP, Barrozo CAM, et al. Retrograde continuous warm blood cardioplegia: a new concept in myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:245–7.[Abstract]
  3. Salerno TA, Christakis GT, Abel J, et al. Technique and pitfalls of retrograde continuous warm blood cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:1023–5.[Abstract]
  4. Horsley WS, Whitlark JD, Hall JD, et al. Revascularization for acute regional infarct: superior protection with warm blood cardioplegia. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:1228–38.
  5. Brown WM, Jay JI, Gott JP, et al. Warm blood cardioplegia: superior protection after acute myocardial ischemia. Ann Thorac Surg 1993;55:32–41.
  6. Matsuura H. Lazar HL, Yang XM, Rivers S, Treanor PR, Shemin RJ. Detrimental effects of interrupting warm blood cardioplegia during coronary revascularization. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;106:357–61.[Abstract]
  7. Buckberg GD. Normothermic blood cardioplegia. Alternative or adjunct? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994;107:860–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Engelman RM, Rousou JA, Flack JE III, Deaton DW, Fleet AB, Das DK. Normothermic myocardial preservation, and optimal approach for myocardial protection during all forms of open-heart surgery. In: Cernaianu AC, DelRossi AJ, eds. Cardiac surgery: current issues. New York: Plenum, 1994: 25--37.
Controlled Arrest, Reperfusion, and Additives

  1. Rosenkranz ER, Okamoto F, Buckberg GD, Robertson JM, Vinten-Johansen J, Bugyi HI. Safety of prolonged aortic clamping with blood cardioplegia. III. Aspartate enrichment of glutamate-blood cardioplegia in energy-depleted hearts after ischemic and reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91:428–35.[Abstract]
  2. Teoh KH, Christakis GT, Weisel RD, et al. Accelerated myocardial metabolic recovery with terminal warm blood cardioplegia (hot shot). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;91:888–95.[Abstract]
  3. Okamoto F, Allen BS, Buckberg GD, Young HH, Bugyi HI, Leaf J. Studies of controlled reperfusion after ischemia: XI. Reperfusate composition: interaction of marked hyperglycemia and marked hyperosmolarity in allowing immediate contractile recovery after four hours of regional ischemia. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1986;92:583–93.[Abstract]
  4. Allen BS, Rosenkranz ER, Buckberg GD, et al. Studies on prolonged acute regional ischemia. VI. Myocardial infarction with left ventricular power failure: a medical/surgical emergency requiring urgent revascularization with maximal protection of remote muscle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;98:691–703.[Abstract]
  5. Beyersdorf F, Kirsh M, Buckberg GD, Allen BS. Warm glutamate/asparate-enriched blood cardioplegic solution for perioperative sudden death. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;104:1141–7.[Abstract]
  6. Allen BS, Buckberg GD, Fontan FM, et al. Superiority of controlled surgical reperfusion versus percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty in acute coronary occlusion. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105:864–84.[Abstract]
Alternatives to Cardioplegia

  1. Akins CW. Hypothermic fibrillatory arrest for coronary artery bypass grafting. J Cardiac Surg 1992;7:342–7.[Medline]
  2. Bonchek L, Burlingame MW, Vazales BE, et al. Applicability of noncardioplegic coronary bypass to high-risk patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992;103:230–7.[Abstract]
What's New in Cardioprotection?

  1. Schubert T, Vetter H, Owen P, Reichart B, Opie LH. Adenosine cardioplegia. Adenosine versus potassium cardioplegia: effects on cardiac arrest and postischemic recovery in the isolated rat heart. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1989;98: 1057–65.[Abstract]
  2. Schaper W, Schaper J. Adaptation to and against myocardial ischemia. Cardiology 1990;77:367–72.[Medline]
  3. Bolling SF, Groh MA, Mattson AM, Grinage RA, Gallagher KP. Acadesine (AICA-riboside) improves postischemic cardiac recovery. Ann Thorac Surg 1992;54:93–8.[Abstract]
  4. Abd-Elfattah AS, Ding M, Wechsler AS. Myocardial stunning and preconditioning: age, species, and model related differences: role of AMP-5`-nucleotidase in myocardial injury and protection. J Cardiac Surg 1993;8(2 Suppl):257–61.[Medline]
  5. Wechsler AS, Abd-Elfattah A. Future cardioprotective considerations. J Cardiac Surg 1993;8:492–502.[Medline]
  6. Cohen NM, Wise RM, Wechsler AS, Damiano RJ Jr. Elective cardiac arrest with a hyperpolarizing adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opened. A novel form of myocardial protection. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;106:317–28.[Abstract]
  7. Randhawa MP Jr, Lasley RD, Mentzer RM Jr. Adenosine and the stunned heart. J Cardiac Surg 1993;8(2 Suppl):332–7.[Medline]
  8. Galinanes M, Chambers DJ, Hearse DJ. Should adenosine continue to be ignored as a cardioprotective agent in cardiac operations? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;105:180–3.[Medline]
  9. Vinten-Johansen J, Nakaniski K, Zhao ZQ, McGee DS, Tan P. Acadesine improves surgical myocardial protection with blood cardioplegia in ischemically injured canine hearts. Circulation 1993;88(part 2):II-350–8.
  10. Menasché P. Multinational study of the effect of acadesine on myocardial infarction and adverse cardiovascular outcomes associated with CABG surgery. Eur Heart J 1993;14(Suppl):425–30.[Abstract/Free Full Text]




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