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Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, UCSF Medical Center, San Francisco VA Medical Center, 350 Parnassus Ave, Suite 150, Box 0118, San Francisco, CA 94143
(Email: tsenge@surgery.ucsf.edu; matthews-rurakp@surgery.ucsf.edu; guys@surgery.ucsf.edu).
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The advent of 64-slice computed tomographic scanners with three-dimensional (3-D) angiographic reconstruction has made a significant impact on the vascular surgical discipline, most notably to endovascular stent graft repairs. These technological advances also enhance preoperative cardiac surgical planning, particularly in the reoperative setting. Determination of the distance of patent left internal mammary arteries or saphenous vein grafts to the sternum, along with their route to the myocardium, is an excellent example of how rendering patient anatomy in 3-D space facilitates safer sternal re-entry [1]. Avoidance of other critical structures, such as the innominate vein, aorta, and right ventricle, as
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