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a Cardiac Surgery, The Congenital Heart Institute of Florida (CHIF), Cardiac Surgical Associates of Florida (CSAOF), All Children's Hospital and Children's Hospital of Tampa, 603 7th St S, Ste 450, St. Petersburg, FL 33701
b Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
c Cardiothoracic Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Newtown Square, Pennsylvania
d Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
(Email: jeffjacobs@msn.com).
The report by Tsang and associates in this issue of The Annals of Thoracic Surgery is another important contribution to surgical performance monitoring by a group whose senior member introduced the concept of cumulative sum (CUSUM) charts into cardiothoracic surgery in 1994 [1]. This resulted in the early identification of a suboptimal trend of performance in arterial switch surgery, and appropriate modifications in technique and management were successfully instituted [2].
Monitoring of performance in pediatric cardiac surgery has historically been challenged by two issues: the large number of unique operative procedures mandated by the diverse spectrum of congenital cardiac malformations, and the relatively small numbers of any particular operation at any given
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