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Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:S2203-S2209
© 2003 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Supplement: Gibbon & His Heart-Lung Machine

Laboratory work preceding the first clinical application of cardiopulmonary bypass

Bernard J. Miller, MD, ScDa*

a Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

* Address reprint requests to Dr Miller, 882 Andora Rd, Lafayette Hill, PA 19444, USA.

Presented at the symposium, "Gibbon & His Heart-Lung Machine: 50 Years & Beyond," Philadelphia, PA, May 2, 2003.

The first 300 words of the full text of this article appear below.

On May 6, 1953, Dr John Gibbon, Jr, performed for the first time the closure of an interatrial septal defect under direct vision in an 18-year-old female patient while her cardiorespiratory functions were maintained by an extracorporeal circuit containing a mechanical heart and a mechanical lung. The feasibility of such an operation was first demonstrated by Gibbon in 1937 when he was able to obstruct the pulmonary artery of a cat while an extracorporeal circuit maintained the cardiorespiratory function of the animal [1].

The extracorporeal circuit that he used in the original animal experiments contained a rotating cylinder-type oxygenator filled with oxygen and in which a smooth film of blood coated the internal surface. The blood pumps were of the Dale-Shuster type in which the blood contained within a finger cot was propelled by exerting alternate positive and negative pressure on the outer surface of the finger cot (Fig 1). After World War II, Mr Thomas J. Watson, Chairman of the Board of the International Business Machine (IBM) Corporation, became interested in helping to develop a heart-lung machine and he assigned the experimental laboratory to the construction of a heart-lung machine. Don Rex was the engineer to the project. The new machine was basically the same as Gibbon's original device, differing only in the enlarged size of the oxygenator with the expectation that it would be able to maintain the cardiorespiratory function of larger experimental animals. The pumps were now rotating pumps and the collecting bowl at the bottom of the oxygenator cylinder was gold-plated with the purpose of minimizing the effect of the interaction of blood with stainless steel. The control of the arterial pump was photoelectric. The entire machine was contained in two precisely made cabinets of stainless steel and glass (Fig 2).


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