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Ann Thorac Surg 2009;88:581-587. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.04.045
© 2009 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
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Dilip S. Nath
Vaughn A. Starnes
Winfield J. Wells
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Original Articles: Pediatric Cardiac

Can the Kawashima Procedure Be Performed in Younger Patients?

Dilip S. Nath, MD, Anthony J. Carden, BS, Daniel P. Nussbaum, BS, Angela J. Shin, BS, Robinder G. Khemani, MD, MsCI, Vaughn A. Starnes, MD, Winfield J. Wells, MD*

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

Accepted for publication April 14, 2009.

* Address correspondence to Dr Wells, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS 66, Los Angeles, CA 90027 (Email: wwells{at}chla.usc.edu).

Presented at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons, San Francisco, CA, Jan 26–28, 2009.

Background: The prudence of performing early palliative cavopulmonary connection that includes superior vena cava in association with azygous-hemiazygous continuation of the inferior vena cava, Kawashima procedure (KP), has been questioned. We document our experience with KP performed at a relatively younger age than usually reported.

Methods: A retrospective review of patients undergoing KP (October 2000 to April 2008) was done.

Results: Initial palliation was carried out in 13 of 15 patients. Age and weight at KP was 8.4 months (5.1 to 15.1) and 6.8 kg (4.6 to 11.0). The pre-KP catheterization showed the following: pulmonary artery pressure = 14.5 mm Hg (9 to 17); end-diastolic pressure of systemic ventricle = 8 (2 to 14); oxygenation saturation = 76% (63 to 82); and atrioventricular (AV) valve insufficiency moderate or greater in 5 patients. The post-KP characteristics included the following intubation = 1 day (0 to 19); nitric oxide = 4 patients; superior caval pressure = 14 mm Hg (6 to 18); inotrope score = 7.5 (2.5 to 14.3); intensive care unit stay = 3 days (1 to 9); hospital stay = 7 days (3 to 77); and oxygen saturation at discharge = 84% (76 to 90%). There was one hospital death that required takedown of KP. Fontan completion was performed in 8 patients at an interval of 2.7 years (1.8 to 5.8) after KP. There was one post-Fontan mortality from severe ventricular and AV valve dysfunction. Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) were diagnosed in 4 patients with 3 resolving post-Fontan. With a median follow-up of 4.2 years (0.1 to 7.9), 13 of 15 remain alive yielding a series survival of 87%.

Conclusions: The Kawashima procedure can be safely performed at an earlier age than previously reported. The incidence of PAVMs after the KP appears to be similar to other reports where KP was performed at a later age.






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