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Ann Thorac Surg 2005;79:2056-2063
© 2005 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Original article: Cardiovascular

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Upregulation in Response to Cell-Based Angiogenic Gene Therapy

Terrence M. Yau, MD, MS*, Guangming Li, MD, Yaoguang Zhang, MD, Richard D. Weisel, MD, Donald A.G. Mickle, MD, Ren-Ke Li, MD PhD

Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Heart & Stroke Foundation, Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Accepted for publication October 18, 2004.

* Address reprint requests to Dr Yau, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, 4N-470, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada (E-mail: terry.yau{at}utoronto.ca).

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that transplantation of vascular endothelial growth factor transfected cells into myocardial scar enhances angiogenesis. We evaluated the effect of transplanted cell type, time, and region of the heart on expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (flt-1) and fetal liver kinase-1 (flk-1).

METHODS: Lewis rats underwent myocardial cryoinjury 3 weeks before transplantation with heart cells (a mixed culture of cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts), vascular endothelial growth factor transfected heart cells, skeletal myoblasts, vascular endothelial growth factor transfected skeletal myoblasts, or medium (controls) (N = 13 each). Flt-1 and flk-1 expression in the scar, border zone, and normal myocardium were evaluated at 3 days and 1, 2, and 4 weeks by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Transplanted cells, vascular endothelial growth factor, flt-1, and flk-1 were identified by immunohistology.

RESULTS: Flt-1 and flk-1 levels were low in all areas of control hearts. Upregulation of flt-1 and flk-1 after cell transplantation occurred primarily in host cells in the border zone rather than the scar (zone, p < 0.0001). Flt-1 and flk-1 expression was doubled by heart cells and skeletal myoblasts and increased eightfold by vascular endothelial growth factor transfected heart cells and skeletal myoblasts (group, p < 0.0001). Flk-1 expression peaked at 1 week, whereas flt-1 peaked at 2 weeks (time, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: Flk-1 and flt-1 upregulation may mediate the angiogenic effect of cell transplantation and are augmented by vascular endothelial growth factor transgene expression, perhaps through a paracrine effect. Optimizing the angiogenic response to cell transplantation may maximize the benefit of cell transplantation strategies.




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