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Ann Thorac Surg 2002;73:601-608
© 2002 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Original article: cardiovascular

Cytokine balance in infants undergoing cardiac operation

Hedwig H. Hövels-Gürich, MD*a, Kathrin Schumacher, MDa, Jaime F. Vazquez-Jimenez, MDb, Ma Qing, MDa, Ulrike Hüffmeiera, Brigitte Buding, MDc, Bruno J. Messmer, MDb, Götz von Bernuth, MDa, Marie-Christine Seghaye, MDa

a Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
b Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany
c Department of Anesthesiology, Aachen University of Technology, Aachen, Germany

Accepted for publication October 9, 2001.

* Address reprint requests to Dr Hövels-Gürich, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52057 Aachen, Germany
e-mail: hhoevels-guerich{at}ukaachen.de

Background. The control of the systemic inflammatory response taking place during cardiac operations depends on adequate antiinflammatory reaction. In this prospective study we tested the hypothesis that cytokine balance during pediatric cardiac surgical procedures would be influenced by the patients’ preoperative clinical condition, defined as hypoxemia or heart failure.

Methods. Twenty infants (median age, 8 months) with hypoxemia owing to intracardiac right-to-left shunt (group 1, n = 10) or with heart failure because of intracardiac left-to-right shunt (group 2, n = 10), scheduled for elective primary corrective operation, were enrolled. Plasma levels of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 6, the natural antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10, and the markers of the acute-phase response, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin, were sequentially measured before, during, and after cardiac operation up to the 10th postoperative day. The ratio of IL-10 to IL-6 levels served as a marker for the individual’s antiinflammatory cytokine balance.

Results. Group 1 showed higher preoperative IL-6 (p < 0.001), lower IL-10 levels (p < 0.02), and lower ratio of IL-10 to IL-6 levels (p < 0.001) than group 2. Preoperative C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were not detectable. In group 1, preoperative IL-6 levels inversely correlated with preoperative oxygen saturation (Spearman correlation coefficient, -0.74, p < 0.02). During cardiopulmonary bypass, IL-6 levels were higher, whereas IL-10 and ratio of IL-10 to IL-6 levels were lower in group 1 than in group 2. In all patients, postoperative IL-6 levels were positively correlated with duration of inotropic support and serum creatinine value and inversely correlated with oxygenation index and diuresis.

Conclusions. Infants with hypoxemia show a preoperative inflammatory state with low antiinflammatory cytokine balance in contrast to those with heart failure. This in turn is associated with lower perioperative antiinflammatory cytokine balance and might contribute to postoperative morbidity.


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