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Ann Thorac Surg 2001;72:S1083-S1089
© 2001 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Supplement: Cardiothoracic techniques and technologies

Three-dimensional electromechanical mapping: imaging in the operating room of the future

Gil Bolotin, MD, PhDa, Tamir Wolf, PhDb, Frederik H. van der Veen, PhDc, Robert Shachner, BSa, Yuval Sazbon, BSb, Daniel Reisfeld, PhDb, Rona Shofti, DVMb, Roberto Lorusso, MD, PhDc, Shlomo Ben-Haim, MD, DSb, Gideon Uretzky, MDa

a Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
b Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rappaport Institute of Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
c Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Academic Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Address reprint requests to Dr Bolotin, The Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, 6 Weizman St, Tel Aviv, 64239, Israel
e-mail: bolotin{at}netvision.net.il

Presented at the Seventh Annual Cardiothoracic Techniques and Technologies Meeting 2001, New Orleans, LA, Jan 24–27, 2001.

Background. Three-dimensional electromechanical mapping has previously been shown to be a clinically important tool for cardiac imaging and intervention. We hypothesized that this technology may be beneficial as an intraoperative modality for assessing cardiac hemodynamics and viability during cardiac surgery. We report here the use of this technology as an imaging modality for intraoperative cardiac surgery.

Methods. The tip of a locatable catheter connected to an endocardial mapping and navigating system is accurately localized while simultaneously recording local electrical and mechanical functions. Thus the three-dimensional geometry of the beating cardiac chamber is reconstructed in real time. The system was tested on 6 goats that underwent acute dynamic cardiomyoplasty and on 5 dogs that underwent left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation.

Results. The electromechanical mapping system provided an accurate three-dimensional reconstruction of the beating left ventricle during cardiomyoplasty. After the wrapping procedure, significant end-diastolic area reduction was noted in the base and mid parts of the heart (948 ± 194 mm2 vs 1245 ± 33 mm2, p = 0.021; and 779 ± 200 mm2 vs 1011 ± 80 mm2, p = 0.016). The area of the cross-section of the apex did not change during the operation. Acute infarcted tissue was characterized 3 days after LAD ligation by concomitant deterioration in both electrical and mechanical function.

Conclusions. By providing both a clear view of the anatomical changes that occur during cardiac surgery, and an accurate assessment of tissue viability, electroanatomic mapping may serve as an important adjunct tool for imaging and analysis of the heart during cardiac surgery






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