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Ann Thorac Surg 1997;64:1533-1539
© 1997 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

Supplement: Cardiovascular Surgery: Then and Now

The Early History of Congenital Heart Surgery: Closed Heart Operations

John A. Waldhausen, MD

Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania

Abstract

The history of cardiovascular surgery before the development of open heart techniques is presented. Emphasis is placed on the creativeness and boldness of the visionary pioneers whose skills and determination led to the modern era of the routine surgical treatment of heart disease.






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Copyright © 1997 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons.