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Ann Thorac Surg 1993;56:814-824
© 1993 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri USA
* Address reprint requests to Dr Cox, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Suite 3108, Queeny Tower, One Barnes Hospital Plaza, St. Louis, MO 63110.
Between September 25, 1987, and December 31, 1992, 75 patients (53 men, 22 women; average age, 52 years) underwent the maze procedure for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Six patients had undergone a previous cardiac operation and 28% underwent concomitant cardiac procedures in addition to the maze procedure. One patient (1.3%) died 10 days after undergoing a combined maze procedure and Morrow procedure for the management of chronic atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Postoperative atrial pacemakers were required in 40%:26% for preoperative sick sinus syndrome and 6% for iatrogenic injury of the sinus node, and 8% had pacemakers in place preoperatively. As of December 31, 1992, 65 patients had been followed up for at least 3 months after operation (range, 3 to 63 months). The maze procedure cured atrial fibrillation, restored atrioventricular synchrony, and preserved atrial transport function in 64 of 65 patients (98%). The procedure has been curative without the need for medications in 58 of 65 patients (89%) and with the need for medications in 6 of 65 (9%), with medications failing in only 1 of the 65 patients (2%). The results support the maze procedure as the treatment of choice in patients with medically refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation.
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E. Shimoike, Y. Kaji, N. Ueda, T. Maruyama, S. Kanaya, and Y. Niho In vivo and in vitro study of radio-frequency application with a new long linear probeImplication for the maze operation J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., July 1, 2000; 120(1): 164 - 172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.U Khand, A.C Rankin, G.C Kaye, and J.G.F Cleland Systematic review of the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2000; 21(8): 614 - 632. [Abstract] [PDF]
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F. Yoshihara, T. Nishikimi, Y. Sasako, J. Kobayashi, Y. Kosakai, R. Hattori, T. Horio, S. Kitamura, H. Matsuo, T. Ohe, et al. PRESERVATION OF THE RIGHT ATRIAL APPENDAGE IMPROVES REDUCED PLASMA ATRIAL NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS AFTER THE MAZE PROCEDURE J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., April 1, 2000; 119(4): 790 - 794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. B. Jatene, M. B. Marcial, F. Tarasoutchi, R. A. Cardoso, P. Pomerantzeff, and A. D. Jatene Influence of the maze procedure on the treatment of rheumatic atrial fibrillation - evaluation of rhythm control and clinical outcome in a comparative study Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, February 1, 2000; 17(2): 117 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ernst, M. Schluter, F. Ouyang, A. Khanedani, R. Cappato, J. Hebe, M. Volkmer, M. Antz, and K.-H. Kuck Modification of the Substrate for Maintenance of Idiopathic Human Atrial Fibrillation : Efficacy of Radiofrequency Ablation Using Nonfluoroscopic Catheter Guidance Circulation, November 16, 1999; 100(20): 2085 - 2092. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Cox, N. Ad, and T. Palazzo IMPACT OF THE MAZE PROCEDURE ON THE STROKE RATE IN PATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 1999; 118(5): 833 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Pappone, G. Oreto, F. Lamberti, G. Vicedomini, M. L. Loricchio, S. Shpun, M. Rillo, M. P. Calabro, A. Conversano, S. A. Ben-Haim, et al. Catheter Ablation of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Using a 3D Mapping System Circulation, September 14, 1999; 100(11): 1203 - 1208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. A. Szalay, W. Skwara, H.- F. Pitschner, I. Faude, W.- P. Klovekorn, and B. Erwin P. Midterm results after the mini-maze procedure Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, September 1, 1999; 16(3): 306 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-P. Lau, H.-F. Tse, and G. M. Ayers Defibrillation-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation secondary to an atrial focus J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 1999; 33(5): 1217 - 1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Avitall, R. W. Helms, J. B. Koblish, W. Sieben, A. V. Kotov, and G. N. Gupta The creation of linear contiguous lesions in the atria with an expandable loop catheter J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 15, 1999; 33(4): 972 - 984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Nitta, R. Lee, R. B. Schuessler, J. P. Boineau, and J. L. Cox Radial approach: a new concept in surgical treatment for atrial fibrillation I. Concept, anatomic and physiologic bases and development of a procedure Ann. Thorac. Surg., January 1, 1999; 67(1): 27 - 35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Holm, R. Johansson, B. Smideberg, C. Luhrs, and S.B. Olsson Effect of cardiac exposure by median sternotomy on atrial fibrillation cycle length Europace, January 1, 1999; 1(4): 248 - 257. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. E. Josephson New Approaches to the Management of Atrial Fibrillation : The Role of the Atrial Defibrillator Circulation, October 20, 1998; 98(16): 1594 - 1596. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Izumoto, K. Kawazoe, H. Kitahara, and J. Kamata Operative results after the Cox/maze procedure combined with a mitral valve operation Ann. Thorac. Surg., September 1, 1998; 66(3): 800 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Yoshihara, T. Nishikimi, Y. Kosakai, F. Isobe, H. Matsuoka, S. Takishita, Y. Kawashima, Y. Saito, H. Matsuo, and K. Kangawa Atrial natriuretic peptide secretion and body fluid balance after bilateral atrial appendectomy by the maze procedure J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., August 1, 1998; 116(2): 213 - 217. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Fukada, K. Morishita, K. Komatsu, H. Sato, C. Shiiku, S. Muraki, M. Tsukamoto, and T. Abe Is Atrial Fibrillation Resulting From Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease a Proper Indication for the Maze Procedure? Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 1998; 65(6): 1566 - 1569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Harada, T. Ida, and M. Ikeshita Right Atrial Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation Associated With Atrial Septal Defect Ann. Thorac. Surg., June 1, 1998; 65(6): 1766 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Mitchell, I. D. McRury, and D. E. Haines Linear Atrial Ablations in a Canine Model of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation : Morphological and Electrophysiological Observations Circulation, March 31, 1998; 97(12): 1176 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K.-B. Kim, C.-H. Lee, C.-H. Kim, Y.-J. Cha, S. :, and J. L. Cox Effect of the Cox maze procedure on the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., January 1, 1998; 115(1): 139 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Elvan, X.-d. Huang, M. L. Pressler, and D. P. Zipes Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation of the Atria Eliminates Pacing-Induced Sustained Atrial Fibrillation and Reduces Connexin 43 in Dogs Circulation, September 2, 1997; 96(5): 1675 - 1685. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. Kobayashi, Y. Kosakai, F. Isobe, Y. Sasako, K. Nakano, K. Eishi, and Y. Kawashima RATIONALE OF THE COX MAZE PROCEDURE FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION DURING REDO MITRAL VALVE OPERATIONS J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 1996; 112(5): 1216 - 1222. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. A. Odell, J. L. Blackshear, E. Davies, W. J. Byrne, C. F. Kollmorgen, W. D. Edwards, and T. A. Orszulak Thoracoscopic Obliteration of the Left Atrial Appendage: Potential for Stroke Reduction? Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 1996; 61(2): 565 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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J. L. Blackshear and J. A. Odell Appendage Obliteration to Reduce Stroke in Cardiac Surgical Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Ann. Thorac. Surg., February 1, 1996; 61(2): 755 - 759. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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