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Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:955-964
© 1991 The Society of Thoracic Surgeons

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Articles

Relation of myocardial protection to cardioplegic solution pH: Modulation by calcium and magnesium

Departments of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts USA

^_* Address reprint requests to Dr Geffin, Surgical Cardiovascular Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114.

The relationship between myocardial preservation and cardioplegic solution pH was assessed in isolated, perfused rat hearts. A base solution without calcium or magnesium and the same solution containing 0.2 mmol/L ionized calcium or 16 mmol/L magnesium or both ions were studied at several values of pH between 6.8 and 8.7. Hearts were arrested at 8 °C by multidose infusions of these bicarbonate-buffered solutions bubbled with oxygen and a varying percentage of carbon dioxide to control pH. Diastolic tone (left ventricular balloon) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion during arrest both increased as the cardioplegic solution became more alkaline. Calcium increased these effects of pH. Magnesium weakened the effect of pH on diastolic tone, maintained ATP at all pH levels, and inhibited the effects of calcium on the relationships of pH to diastolic tone and ATP. When data from all solutions were considered together, ATP depletion was shown to be linearly related to diastolic tone. Calcium depressed functional recovery (left ventricular developed pressure during reperfusion expressed as a percentage of its prearrest value) at all pH levels. With the other solutions, recovery was similar and best within a broad and relatively alkaline pH range. With the solution containing calcium and magnesium, at pH levels of 8.28 ± 0.02, 7.87 ± 0.03, 7.58 ± 0.02, 7.41 ±0.01, 7.06 ± 0.02, and 6.80 ± 0.01, recovery at 5 minutes of reperfusion was 101.4% ± 3.7%, 102.9% ± 2.8%, 107.3% ± 3.7%, 102.8% ± 2.9%, 91.8% ± 3.6%, and 94.3% ± 3.5%, respectively. This effect of alkalinity was short-lived. Extreme alkalinity of the base, acalcemic solution produced the calcium paradox, as reported previously. Good preservation of ATP by the most acid solutions did not predict good functional recovery. Magnesium increased the persistence of frequent extrasystoles during early reperfusion, but the effect was attenuated by calcium. The data support the inclusion of magnesium in cardioplegic solutions, particularly when they contain calcium, show that cardioplegic solution pH can have major effects on the arrested heart, and suggest that a relatively alkaline pH may modestly benefit functional recovery.

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